Anugita

Anugita is an ancient Sanskrit text embedded in the Book 14 (Ashvamedhika Parva) of the Hindu epic the ''Mahabharata''.Mahabharata, Hindu Literature
Wendy Doniger, Encyclopaedia Britannica ''Anugita'' literally means an ''Anu'' ("continuation, alongside, subordinate to") of ''Gita''. The original was likely composed between 400 BCE and 200 CE, but its versions probably modified through about the 15th- or 16th-century. It is regarded by Hindus as an appendix to the ''Bhagavad Gita'' found in Book 6. Like it, the ''Anugita'' is one of the treatises on Dharma (ethics, moral precepts).Kashinath T Telang
The Anugita
Volume 8, Sacred Books of the East, Editor: Max Muller, Oxford (Republished by Universal Theosophy) Anugita is, in part, a retelling of some of the ethical premises of the ''Bhagavad Gita'' through legends and fables, instead of the distilled philosophy found in the ''Bhagavad Gita''.

It contains a summary by Vaisampayana who heard and remembered Krishna's conversation with Arjuna after the Mahabharata war is over. They discuss various topics on ethics and morality, as well as the nature of existence. It is one of the numerous such dialogues and debates found in the ''Mahabharata''. The text, consisting of thirty six chapters (from XVI to LI) of its Book 14, contains many of theories found in the ancient Mukhya Upanishads. For example:
* A discussion between a husband and wife on the nature of human body, rebirth and emancipation; the husband states that all deities are within the human body.
* A dialogue between Adhvaryu and an ascetic on animal sacrifice, that the proper sacrifice is not ritualistic but internal, of concentration of mind for the fire of knowledge;
* A dialogue between a student and teacher about the highest truth;
* A dialogue on just war theory, on when, how and why someone committed to ahimsa (non-violence) must use violence to prevent persistent violence and adharma.

The ''Anugita'' contains sections on what constitutes the duties of a good human being. For example, in chapter 23, it states the best quality and the duties of the good are:

''Anugita'' exists in many versions, with 36 or less chapters, with many chapters containing overlapping content. The original is probably ancient, but the text was edited, revised, interpolated and re-organized into chapters over its history. According to F.E. Hall, states Telang, the extant north Indian version was in all probability revised in or after the 16th-century CE. The parts and terms related to castes and confusing changes in fables in some manuscripts, for example states Telang, are late medieval era interpolations.

''Anugita'' is significant because the original's ideas and ethical point of views are cited by scholars of different schools of Hindu philosophy such as the early 8th-century Adi Shankara and 15th-century Vijnanabhiksu. Scholars have discussed whether the ethical theories in Anugita were influenced by Buddhism or Jainism, or their theories borrowed from Anugita. According to Max Muller, though similar, given the evidence and the details of their respective theories, it is impossible to state either.

''Anugita'' is generally believed by scholars to be likely a much later addition to the ''Mahabharata'', than the ancient ''Bhagavad Gita'', and that the teachings between the two texts are quite different in their details and the philosophical foundations.Yaroslav Vassilkov (2002),
The Gītā versus the Anugītā: Were Yoga and Sāṃkhya Ever Really One?
', Epics, Khilas, and Puranas: Continuities and ruptures : proceedings of the Third Dubrovnik International Conference on the Sanskrit Epics and Puranas, pages 221-230, 234-252

References

Bibliography

* Kashinath Trimbak Telang (translator), ''The Anugita: Being a Translation of Sanscrit Manuscripts from the Asvameda Paravan of the Mahabharata, and Being a Natural Adjunct to the Bhagavad Gita'', Sacred Books of the East, Volume 8

External links

Anugita, an exposé on samkhya and yoga doctrines in the Mahabharata
Guy Vincent (2006)


Telang's translation with footnotes, at the Internet Sacred Text Archive
*
Anu Gita Explained
Michael Beloved's translation and commentary with devanagari texts and word-for-word meanings
*
Anu Gita English
Michael Beloved's open English translation only

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anugita
Ancient Indian literature
Sanskrit texts