''Antrodia'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

fungi A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from ...

in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Fomitopsidaceae The Fomitopsidaceae are a family of fungi in the order Polyporales. Most species are parasitic on woody plants, and tend to cause brown rots. The name comes from ''Fomitopsis'' (meaning "looking like Fomes") + ''-aceae'' (a suffix used to form t ...

. ''Antrodia'' species have

fruit bodies The sporocarp (also known as fruiting body, fruit body or fruitbody) of fungi is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are borne. The fruitbody is part of the sexual phase of a fungal life cyc ...

that typically resupinate (i.e., lying flat or spread out on the growing surface), with the

hymenium The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in others some ...

exposed to the outside; the edges may be turned so as to form narrow

brackets A bracket is either of two tall fore- or back-facing punctuation marks commonly used to isolate a segment of text or data from its surroundings. Typically deployed in symmetric pairs, an individual bracket may be identified as a 'left' or 'r ...

. Most species are found in

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...

and

boreal forest Taiga (; rus, тайга́, p=tɐjˈɡa; relates to Mongolic and Turkic languages), generally referred to in North America as a boreal forest or snow forest, is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces, ...

s, and cause brown rot.

Description

''Antrodia'' are effused-resupinate, that is, they lie stretched out on the growing surface with the

exposed on the outer side, but turned out at the edges to form brackets. When present, these brackets are typically white or pale brown. The pores on the surface of the hymenium may be round or angular. The

context Context may refer to: * Context (language use), the relevant constraints of the communicative situation that influence language use, language variation, and discourse summary Computing * Context (computing), the virtual environment required to su ...

is white or pale. All species cause brown-rot. Typically,

basidiospores A basidiospore is a reproductive spore produced by Basidiomycete fungi, a grouping that includes mushrooms, shelf fungi, rusts, and smuts. Basidiospores typically each contain one haploid nucleus that is the product of meiosis, and they are pro ...

are thin-walled, cylindrical, and narrowly

ellipsoid An ellipsoid is a surface that may be obtained from a sphere by deforming it by means of directional scalings, or more generally, of an affine transformation. An ellipsoid is a quadric surface; that is, a surface that may be defined as the ...

al or

fusiform Fusiform means having a spindle-like shape that is wide in the middle and tapers at both ends. It is similar to the lemon-shape, but often implies a focal broadening of a structure that continues from one or both ends, such as an aneurysm on a b ...

in shape. Most species grow on the wood of

coniferous Conifers are a group of cone-bearing seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms. Scientifically, they make up the division Pinophyta (), also known as Coniferophyta () or Coniferae. The division contains a single extant class, Pinopsida. All extant ...

trees, except for ''A. albida'', which grows on the dead wood of

deciduous In the fields of horticulture and Botany, the term ''deciduous'' () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, aft ...

trees.

Phylogeny

In order to reliably identify the various species and strains of medicinal ''Antrodia'', genetic markers have been developed and

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

analyses performed. These analyses have demonstrated that there are three distinct phylogenetic lineages within the genus ''Antrodia''.

Classification

The modern definition of the genus follows the description given by Gilbertson and Ryvarden (1986), in their

monograph A monograph is a specialist work of writing (in contrast to reference works) or exhibition on a single subject or an aspect of a subject, often by a single author or artist, and usually on a scholarly subject. In library cataloging, ''monograph ...

''North American Polypores''.

Distribution

Roughly twenty-nine species are known from Europe, 21 species in North America, and 18 species in East Asia, although more new species have been reported since the time of these publications.

Species

There are about 50 species in this genus: *''

Antrodia albida ''Antrodia albida'' is a species of fungus in the genus ''Antrodia'' that grows on the dead wood of deciduous trees. A widely distributed species, it is found in Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania, North America, and South America. The fungus was firs ...

'' *''

Antrodia albidoides ''Antrodia'' is a genus of fungi in the family Fomitopsidaceae. ''Antrodia'' species have fruit bodies that typically resupinate (i.e., lying flat or spread out on the growing surface), with the hymenium exposed to the outside; the edges may be t ...

'' *''

Antrodia albobrunnea ''Anthoporia'' is a fungal genus in the family Meripilaceae. It is a monotypic genus, circumscribed in 2016 to contain the single species ''Anthoporia albobrunnea''. Taxonomy The fungus was first described scientifically by Swedish mycologist L ...

'' *''

Antrodia alpina ''Antrodia'' is a genus of fungi in the family Fomitopsidaceae. ''Antrodia'' species have fruit bodies that typically resupinate (i.e., lying flat or spread out on the growing surface), with the hymenium exposed to the outside; the edges may be t ...

'' *''

Antrodia aurantia ''Antrodia'' is a genus of fungi in the family Fomitopsidaceae. ''Antrodia'' species have fruit bodies that typically resupinate (i.e., lying flat or spread out on the growing surface), with the hymenium exposed to the outside; the edges may be t ...

'' *''

Antrodia bambusicola ''Antrodia'' is a genus of fungi in the family Fomitopsidaceae. ''Antrodia'' species have fruit bodies that typically resupinate (i.e., lying flat or spread out on the growing surface), with the hymenium exposed to the outside; the edges may be t ...

'' – China *''

Antrodia calceus ''Antrodia'' is a genus of fungi in the family Fomitopsidaceae. ''Antrodia'' species have fruit bodies that typically resupinate (i.e., lying flat or spread out on the growing surface), with the hymenium exposed to the outside; the edges may be t ...

'' *'' Antrodia carbonica'' *'' Antrodia cinnamomea'' *'' Antrodia conchata'' *'' Antrodia crassa'' *'' Antrodia daedaleiformis'' *'' Antrodia eutelea'' *'' Antrodia ferox'' *'' Antrodia gossypium'' *'' Antrodia heteromorpha'' *'' Antrodia hingganensis'' *'' Antrodia hippophaes'' *'' Antrodia huangshanensis'' *'' Antrodia hyalina'' – Russia *'' Antrodia infirma'' – Europe *'' Antrodia juniperina'' *'' Antrodia lalashana'' *'' Antrodia leucaena'' –China, Europe *'' Antrodia macra'' *'' Antrodia macrospora'' *'' Antrodia madronae'' – Western USA *'' Antrodia malicola'' *'' Antrodia mellita'' *'' Antrodia minuta'' *'' Antrodia monomitica'' – China *'' Antrodia multiformis'' – USA *'' Antrodia multipapillata'' *'' Antrodia novae-zelandiae'' *'' Antrodia oleracea'' *'' Antrodia parvula'' *'' Antrodia pictilis'' *'' Antrodia pini-cubensis'' *'' Antrodia plicata'' *'' Antrodia porothelioides'' *'' Antrodia pseudosinuosa'' *'' Antrodia pulverulenta'' *'' Antrodia pulvinascens'' *'' Antrodia ramentacea'' *'' Antrodia rhizomorpha'' *'' Antrodia rupamii'' *'' Antrodia sandaliae'' *'' Antrodia serialiformis'' *''

Antrodia serialis ''Antrodia serialis'' is a species of polypore fungus in the genus ''Antrodia''. Originally named ''Polyporus serialis'' by Elias Fries in 1821, it was given its current name by Marinus Anton Donk in 1966. A widespread species, ''A. serialis ...

'' *'' Antrodia sinuosa'' *'' Antrodia sitchensis'' *'' Antrodia sordida'' *'' Antrodia stratosa'' *'' Antrodia subalbidoides'' *'' Antrodia submalicola'' *'' Antrodia subramentacea'' *'' Antrodia subxantha'' *'' Antrodia taxa'' *'' Antrodia tenerifensis'' –

Tenerife Tenerife (; ; formerly spelled ''Teneriffe'') is the largest and most populous island of the Canary Islands. It is home to 43% of the total population of the archipelago. With a land area of and a population of 978,100 inhabitants as of Janu ...

*'' Antrodia terryi'' *'' Antrodia tropica'' – China *'' Antrodia uzbekistanica'' – Uzbekistan *'' Antrodia variiformis'' *'' Antrodia wangii'' *'' Antrodia xantha''

References

External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q1069431 Fomitopsidaceae Polyporales genera Taxa named by Petter Adolf Karsten Taxa described in 1879