Antonie “Anton” Pannekoek (; 2 January 1873 – 28 April 1960) was a Dutch
astronomer
An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. They observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, natural satellite, moons, comets and galaxy, g ...
,
philosopher
A philosopher is a person who practices or investigates philosophy. The term ''philosopher'' comes from the grc, φιλόσοφος, , translit=philosophos, meaning 'lover of wisdom'. The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek th ...
,
Marxist theorist, and socialist revolutionary. He was one of the main theorists of
council communism
Council communism is a current of communist thought that emerged in the 1920s. Inspired by the November Revolution, council communism was opposed to state socialism and advocated workers' councils and council democracy. Strong in Germany a ...
(Dutch: ''radencommunisme'').
Biography
Pannekoek studied
mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...
and
physics
Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. "Physical science is that department of knowledge which r ...
in
Leiden
Leiden (; in English and archaic Dutch also Leyden) is a city and municipality in the province of South Holland, Netherlands. The municipality of Leiden has a population of 119,713, but the city forms one densely connected agglomeration wit ...
from 1891. Even before he went to college he was interested in
astronomy
Astronomy () is a natural science that studies astronomical object, celestial objects and phenomena. It uses mathematics, physics, and chemistry in order to explain their origin and chronology of the Universe, evolution. Objects of interest ...
and studied the Milky Way and variability of
Polaris
Polaris is a star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Ursa Minor. It is designated α Ursae Minoris ( Latinized to ''Alpha Ursae Minoris'') and is commonly called the North Star or Pole Star. With an apparent magnitude that ...
. He published his first article, ''On the Necessity of Further Researches on the Milky Way'', as a student. He briefly worked as a
geodesist
Geodesy ( ) is the Earth science of accurately measuring and understanding Earth's figure (geometric shape and size), orientation in space, and gravity. The field also incorporates studies of how these properties change over time and equivale ...
before he returned to the
Leiden Observatory
Leiden Observatory ( nl, Sterrewacht Leiden) is an astronomical institute of Leiden University, in the Netherlands. Established in 1633 to house the quadrant of Rudolph Snellius, it is the oldest operating university observatory in the world, with ...
(''Leidse Sterrewacht'') to work as an observer and write his thesis on the variability of Algol.
After reading
Edward Bellamy
Edward Bellamy (March 26, 1850 – May 22, 1898) was an American author, journalist, and political activist most famous for his utopian novel ''Looking Backward''. Bellamy's vision of a harmonious future world inspired the formation of numerou ...
's ''
Equality
Equality may refer to:
Society
* Political equality, in which all members of a society are of equal standing
** Consociationalism, in which an ethnically, religiously, or linguistically divided state functions by cooperation of each group's elite ...
'', Pannekoek became a convinced
socialist
Socialism is a left-wing economic philosophy and movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to private ownership. As a term, it describes the e ...
and started studying the philosophies of
Karl Marx
Karl Heinrich Marx (; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist, critic of political economy, and socialist revolutionary. His best-known titles are the 1848 ...
and
Joseph Dietzgen
Peter Josef Dietzgen (December 9, 1828April 15, 1888) was a German socialist philosopher, Marxist and journalist. Dietzgen was born in Blankenberg in the Rhine Province of Prussia. He was the first of five children of father Johann Gottfried Ann ...
. Soon Pannekoek became a well-known
Marxist
Marxism is a Left-wing politics, left-wing to Far-left politics, far-left method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a Materialism, materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand S ...
writer, writing for both Dutch and German socialist magazines, like ''
Die Neue Zeit
''Die Neue Zeit'' (German: "The New Times") was a German socialist theoretical journal of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) that was published from 1883 to 1923. Its headquarters was in Stuttgart, Germany.
History and profile
Founded ...
''. His astronomical and socialist careers first clashed when he was reprimanded for leading a strike support committee and was treated with dismissal from his job at the observatory by the Dutch government. Around the same time, he was growing dissatisfied with the stale atmosphere and outdated methodologies at the Leiden Observatory. Pannekoek was offered the option to become a lecturer in
historical materialism
Historical materialism is the term used to describe Karl Marx's theory of history. Marx locates historical change in the rise of class societies and the way humans labor together to make their livelihoods. For Marx and his lifetime collaborat ...
at the school funded by the
Social Democratic Party of Germany
The Social Democratic Party of Germany (german: Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, ; SPD, ) is a centre-left social democratic political party in Germany. It is one of the major parties of contemporary Germany.
Saskia Esken has been the ...
. He soon ran into trouble with the German authorities, who threatened him with expulsion if he continued teaching. He remained in Berlin, however, where he kept writing for journals and newspapers. In 1910, he moved to Bremen where he soon became one of the prominent proponents of the radical Bremen Left.
Pannekoek was on holiday in the Netherlands when the
First World War
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
broke out. Prevented from returning to Germany, he started work as a
cosmography
The term cosmography has two distinct meanings: traditionally it has been the protoscience of mapping the general features of the cosmos, heaven and Earth; more recently, it has been used to describe the ongoing effort to determine the large-scal ...
and science teacher for secondary schools and a
''privaatdocent'' in
history of astronomy
Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical, and astrological beliefs and practices of prehistory: vestiges of these are still found in ...
at Leiden University. Though
Willem de Sitter wanted to hire him as assistant director at the Leiden Observatory in 1918, the appoint was prevented by the Dutch government because of his outspoken Marxist sympathies. Instead, the
Amsterdam city council The Government of Amsterdam consists of several territorial and functional forms of local and regional government. The principal form of government is the municipality of Amsterdam, Netherlands. The municipality's territory covers the city of Amster ...
appointed him at the
University of Amsterdam
The University of Amsterdam (abbreviated as UvA, nl, Universiteit van Amsterdam) is a public research university located in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The UvA is one of two large, publicly funded research universities in the city, the other being ...
in 1918 as a lecturer. In 1921, he founded the astronomical institute there; in 1925, he was appointed as
extraordinary professor
Academic ranks in Germany are the titles, relative importance and power of professors, researchers, and administrative personnel held in academia.
Overview
Appointment grades
* (Pay grade: ''W3'' or ''W2'')
* (''W3'')
* (''W2'')
* (''W2'', ...
; and in 1932 as full professor.
Astronomy
Pannekoek began systematically observing the night sky and recording these observations while he was still in secondary school. Some of his observations of
variable stars
A variable star is a star whose brightness as seen from Earth (its apparent magnitude) changes with time. This variation may be caused by a change in emitted light or by something partly blocking the light, so variable stars are classified as e ...
later found their way into his scientific publications. In the winter of 1889–1890, he recorded the variability of
Polaris
Polaris is a star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Ursa Minor. It is designated α Ursae Minoris ( Latinized to ''Alpha Ursae Minoris'') and is commonly called the North Star or Pole Star. With an apparent magnitude that ...
, which had been suspected before but was not confirmed until 1908 by
Ejnar Hertzsprung
Ejnar Hertzsprung (; Copenhagen, 8 October 1873 – 21 October 1967, Roskilde) was a Danish chemist and astronomer.
Career
Hertzsprung was born in Frederiksberg, Denmark, the son of Severin and Henriette. He studied chemical engineering at Cop ...
. He also tracked the variability of
Algol
ALGOL (; short for "Algorithmic Language") is a family of imperative computer programming languages originally developed in 1958. ALGOL heavily influenced many other languages and was the standard method for algorithm description used by the ...
, which formed the foundation for his PhD thesis.
Another early interest of Pannekoek was the
appearance of the Milky Way. In 1898, Pannekoek published a series of articles in which he articulated how he thought the Milky Way should be observed. Here, he explained that minor details should be tracked through verbal descriptions, while the general distribution of light should be tracked to
isophotic lines. Pannekoek published his own observations of the northern Milky Way in 1920 in the form of drawings, isophotic diagrams, and verbal descriptions. He also combined his observations the independent observations of
Cornelis Easton
Cornelis Easton (10 June 1864 – 3 June 1929) was a Dutch journalist and amateur astronomer who wrote popular material on astronomy and climatology apart from giving lectures. As a journalist he worked with the ''Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant
'' ...
,
Otto Boeddicker, and
Julius Schmidt to create a composite image of the Milky Way, which he called the "mean subjective image". A few years later, he also published his observations of the southern Milky Way, which he made during an eclipse expedition to the
Dutch Indies
The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies ( nl, Nederlands(ch)-Indië; ), was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia. It was formed from the nationalised trading posts of the Dutch East India Company, which ...
in 1926. He also developed a photographic method to represent the light distribution of the Milky Way. To capture the clouds that formed the Milky Way, Pannekoek deliberately recorded photographic plates out of focus, which caused the light of stars to spread into disks, allowing their light to overlap. These plates were then measured and combined into tables showing the surface brightness of the Milky Way.
Pannekoek's research on the appearance of the Milky Way was closely connected to his research on the structure of the
galaxy
A galaxy is a system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, dark matter, bound together by gravity. The word is derived from the Greek ' (), literally 'milky', a reference to the Milky Way galaxy that contains the Solar System. ...
. In this research, he adapted the statistical methods of
Jacobus Kapteyn
Prof Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn FRS FRSE LLD (19 January 1851 – 18 June 1922) was a Dutch astronomer. He carried out extensive studies of the Milky Way and was the discoverer of evidence for galactic rotation. Kapteyn was also among the fi ...
to investigate individual clusters in the galaxy. His most important results were the measurement of the distance to the star clusters responsible for the Milky Way clouds in
Cygnus and
Aquila. He determined that these were located at a distance of 40000-60000
parsec
The parsec (symbol: pc) is a unit of length used to measure the large distances to astronomical objects outside the Solar System, approximately equal to or (au), i.e. . The parsec unit is obtained by the use of parallax and trigonometry, and ...
from the sun. This was much more distant than was commonly assumed to be the diameter of the entire galactic system. This result provided early evidence for
Harlow Shapley
Harlow Shapley (November 2, 1885 – October 20, 1972) was an American scientist, head of the Harvard College Observatory (1921–1952), and political activist during the latter New Deal and Fair Deal.
Shapley used Cepheid variable stars to estim ...
's expanded galaxy.
The final decades of his professional career, Pannekoek mostly spend on researching the
astrophysics
Astrophysics is a science that employs the methods and principles of physics and chemistry in the study of astronomical objects and phenomena. As one of the founders of the discipline said, Astrophysics "seeks to ascertain the nature of the h ...
of
stellar atmospheres. In his theoretical research, Pannekoek explored ways to expand upon
Meghnad Saha
Meghnad Saha (6 October 1893 – 16 February 1956) was an Indian astrophysicist who developed the Saha ionization equation, used to describe chemical and physical conditions in stars. His work allowed astronomers to accurately relate the sp ...
's ionization formula to better understand the physical conditions in the outer layer of stars. One of his main conclusions was that the narrow spectral lines in c-type stars, as found by
Antonia Maury
Antonia Caetana de Paiva Pereira Maury (March 21, 1866 – January 8, 1952) was an American astronomer who was the first to detect and calculate the orbit of a spectroscopic binary. She published an important early catalog of stellar spectra us ...
, were most likely caused by lower pressure in the stellar atmospheres.
[, .] In the 1930s, he developed theoretical models for the atmospheres in order to reproduce the entire spectrum of a star, but failed to produce a model that was entirely satisfactory. In 1935,
Rupert Wildt
Rupert Wildt (; June 25, 1905 – January 9, 1976) was a Germany, German-United States, American astronomer.
He was born in Munich, German Empire, Germany, and grew up in that country during World War I and its aftermath. In 1927 he was award ...
showed that this was because Pannekoek had underestimated the impact of the
H− ion as a source of optical opacity.
In observational astrophysics, Pannekoek produced the curve of growth for
Deneb
Deneb () is a first-magnitude star in the constellation of Cygnus, the swan. Deneb is one of the vertices of the asterism known as the Summer Triangle and the "head" of the Northern Cross. It is the brightest star in Cygnus and the ...
in 1931, the first for a star other than the sun. He and his students also published comprehensive catalogues of the spectral lines in late type stars based on photographic plates taken by Pannekoek at the
Dominion Astrophysical Observatory
The Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, located on Observatory Hill, in Saanich, British Columbia, was completed in 1918 by the Canadian government. The Dominion architect responsible for the building was Edgar Lewis Horwood. The main instrumen ...
in 1929. Because of these studies, he is considered to be the founder of
astrophysics
Astrophysics is a science that employs the methods and principles of physics and chemistry in the study of astronomical objects and phenomena. As one of the founders of the discipline said, Astrophysics "seeks to ascertain the nature of the h ...
as a separate discipline in the Netherlands.
Pannekoek was also part of scientific expeditions to observe
solar eclipse
A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby obscuring the view of the Sun from a small part of the Earth, totally or partially. Such an alignment occurs during an eclipse season, approximately every six month ...
s in
Java
Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's List ...
and
Lapland. He was also interested in the
history of astronomy
Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical, and astrological beliefs and practices of prehistory: vestiges of these are still found in ...
and his book, ''A History of Astronomy'', is considered a standard reference on the subject.
Pannekoek became member of the
Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences ( nl, Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, abbreviated: KNAW) is an organization dedicated to the advancement of science and literature in the Netherlands. The academy is housed ...
in 1925. His work in galactic structure, astrophysics and the history of astronomy was of international renown and won him an honorary degree from
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher le ...
in 1936, as well as the
Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
The Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society is the highest award given by the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS). The RAS Council have "complete freedom as to the grounds on which it is awarded" and it can be awarded for any reason. Past awar ...
in 1951. The crater
Pannekoek
A pannenkoek (; plural ''pannenkoeken'' ) or Dutch pancake is a style of pancake with origins in the Netherlands. Pannenkoeken are usually larger (up to a foot in diameter) and much thinner than their American or Scotch pancake counterparts, ...
on the Moon and the asteroid
2378 Pannekoek are named after him. The
Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy at the
University of Amsterdam
The University of Amsterdam (abbreviated as UvA, nl, Universiteit van Amsterdam) is a public research university located in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The UvA is one of two large, publicly funded research universities in the city, the other being ...
, which he founded, was named after him in 1982.
Thought
Council communism
A recognized Marxist theorist, Pannekoek was one of the founders of
council communism
Council communism is a current of communist thought that emerged in the 1920s. Inspired by the November Revolution, council communism was opposed to state socialism and advocated workers' councils and council democracy. Strong in Germany a ...
and a main figure in the
radical left in the
Netherlands
)
, anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau")
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands
, established_title = Before independence
, established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
and
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
. He was active in the
Social Democratic Workers' Party (Netherlands)
The Social Democratic Workers' Party ( nl, Sociaal-Democratische Arbeiderspartij, SDAP) was a Dutch socialism, socialist political party existing from 1894 to 1946, and a predecessor of the Social democracy, social democratic Labour Party (Netherl ...
,
Social Democratic Party of Germany
The Social Democratic Party of Germany (german: Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, ; SPD, ) is a centre-left social democratic political party in Germany. It is one of the major parties of contemporary Germany.
Saskia Esken has been the ...
,
Communist Party of the Netherlands
The Communist Party of the Netherlands ( nl, Communistische Partij Nederland, , CPN) was a Dutch communist party. The party was founded in 1909 as the Social-Democratic Party (SDP) and merged with the Pacifist Socialist Party, the Political Party ...
, the
Communist Workers' Party of the Netherlands
The Communist Workers' Party of the Netherlands ( nl, Kommunistische Arbeiders-Partij Nederland) was a council communist party in the Netherlands. It was founded in September 1921, and was modelled after the Communist Workers' Party of Germany. ...
and the
Communist Workers' Party of Germany
The Communist Workers' Party of Germany (german: Kommunistische Arbeiter-Partei Deutschlands; KAPD) was an anti-parliamentarian and left communist party that was active in Germany during the time of the Weimar Republic. It was founded in April 1 ...
.
Pannekoek was best known for his writing on
workers' councils
A workers' council or labor council is a form of political and economic organization in which a workplace or municipality is governed by a council made up of workers or their elected delegates. The workers within each council decide on what thei ...
. He regarded these as a new form of organisation capable of overcoming the limitations of the old institutions of the labour movement, the
trade union
A trade union (labor union in American English), often simply referred to as a union, is an organization of workers intent on "maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment", ch. I such as attaining better wages and benefits ( ...
s and
social democratic
Social democracy is a political, social, and economic philosophy within socialism that supports political and economic democracy. As a policy regime, it is described by academics as advocating economic and social interventions to promote soci ...
parties. Basing his theory on what he regarded as the practical lessons of the 1917
Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution was a period of Political revolution (Trotskyism), political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire which began during the First World War. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and ad ...
, Pannekoek argued that the workers' revolution and the transition from
capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for Profit (economics), profit. Central characteristics of capitalism include capital accumulation, competitive markets, pric ...
to
communism
Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a s ...
had to be achieved by the workers themselves, democratically organised in workers' councils.
Pannekoek was a sharp critic of
anarchism
Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is skeptical of all justifications for authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including, though not necessa ...
, social democracy, and
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 19 ...
and
Leninism
Leninism is a political ideology developed by Russian Marxist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin that proposes the establishment of the Dictatorship of the proletariat#Vladimir Lenin, dictatorship of the proletariat led by a revolutionary Vanguardis ...
. During the early years of the Russian revolution, Pannekoek gave critical support to the
Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...
, a position shared by fellow council communist
Herman Gorter
Herman Gorter (26 November 1864, Wormerveer – 15 September 1927, Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, Brussels) was a Dutch poet and socialist. He was a leading member of the Tachtigers, a highly influential group of Dutch writers who worked together in Am ...
. He expressed misgivings about the authoritarian tendencies of Leninism, fearing for the socialist character of the Russian Revolution unless it should find a rectifying support in a proletarian revolution in the West. His later analysis of the failure of the Russian revolution was that after Lenin and the Bolsheviks came to power, they crippled the
soviets
Soviet people ( rus, сове́тский наро́д, r=sovyétsky naród), or citizens of the USSR ( rus, гра́ждане СССР, grázhdanye SSSR), was an umbrella demonym for the population of the Soviet Union.
Nationality policy in th ...
. Instead of workers' councils, the Bolsheviks had instituted the rule of their party, which in Pannekoek's view is what led to the institution of the Bolsheviks as a new ruling class. He put his views forward in his 1938 book ''Lenin als Philosoph'', originally published in German under the
pseudonym
A pseudonym (; ) or alias () is a fictitious name that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose, which differs from their original or true name (orthonym). This also differs from a new name that entirely or legally replaces an individua ...
J. Harper. It was translated into English in 1948 as ''Lenin as philosopher - a critical examination of the philosophical basis of Leninism''.
Marxism and Darwinism
In a pamphlet Pannekoek strongly attacked and rebutted the arguments of
Social Darwinists
Social Darwinism refers to various theories and societal practices that purport to apply biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology, economics and politics, and which were largely defined by scholars in We ...
such as
Herbert Spencer
Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher, psychologist, biologist, anthropologist, and sociologist famous for his hypothesis of social Darwinism. Spencer originated the expression "survival of the fittest" ...
, whom Pannekoek dubbed "Bourgeois Darwinists".
On the basis of
Darwin's own writings—in particular on ''
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex '' (1871)—Pannekoek stated:
Works
Scientific writings
* ''Untersuchungen über den Lichtwechsel Algols'' (1902)
* ''De wonderbouw der wereld - de grondslagen van ons sterrekundig wereldbeeld populair uiteengezet'' (1916, 1920, 1924)
* ''De astrologie en hare beteekenis voor de ontwikkeling der sterrekunde'' (1916)
* ''The distance of the Milky Way'' (1919)
* ''Die nördliche Milchstrasse'' (1920)
* ''Ionization in stellar atmospheres'' (1922)
* ''De astrophysica en hare moderne ontwikkeling'' (1925)
* ''Results of observations of the total solar eclipse of June 29, 1927 - 1: Photometry of the flash spectrum'' (1928) with
Marcel Minnaert
Marcel Gilles Jozef Minnaert (12 February 1893 – 26 October 1970) was a Dutch astronomer of Belgian origin. He was born in Bruges and died in Utrecht. He is notable for his contributions to astronomy and physics and for a popular book on mete ...
* ''Results of observations of the total solar eclipse of June 29, 1927 - 2: Photometry of the chromosphere and the corona'' (1930) with N.W. Doorn
* ''The influence of collisions on the formation of the Fraunhofer lines'' (1931)
* ''The theoretical intensities of absorption lines in stellar spectra'' (1935)
* ''Antropogenese. Een studie over het ontstaan van de mens'' (1944)
* ''Photographic photometry of the southern Milky Way'' (1949); with David Koelbloed
* ''Line intensities in spectra of advanced type'' (1950)
** English: ''Anthropogenesis: A study of the origin of man'' (1953)
* ''De groei van ons wereldbeeld - een geschiedenis van de sterrekunde'' (1951)
** English: ''A History of Astronomy'' (1961)
Political and philosophical writings
* ''Ethik und Sozialismus - Umwälzungen im Zukunftsstaat'' (1906)
* ''Religion und Sozialismus'' - ein Vortrag (1906)
* ''Godsdienst en socialisme - voordracht, op 14 September 1905 te Bremen gehouden'' (1907)
* ''Ethiek en socialisme'' (1907)
* ''Marxisme en revisionisme'' (1907); with
Herman Gorter
Herman Gorter (26 November 1864, Wormerveer – 15 September 1927, Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, Brussels) was a Dutch poet and socialist. He was a leading member of the Tachtigers, a highly influential group of Dutch writers who worked together in Am ...
* ''Omwentelingen in den toekomststaat'' (1907)
* ''Der Kampf der Arbeiter : sieben Aufsaetze aus der Leipziger Volkszeitung'' (1907)
* ''Het marxisme / pro: A. Pannekoek, contra: M.W.F. Treub'' (1908); with
Marie Willem Frederik Treub
* ''Darwinisme en marxisme'' (1909)
* ''Die taktischen Differenzen in der Arbeiterbewegung'' (1909)
* ''Uit de voorgeschiedenis van den wereldoorlog'' (1915)
* ''De oorlog : zijn oorsprong en zijn bestrijding'' (ca. 1915)
* "The Third International," ''International Socialist Review,'' vol. 17, no. 7 (January 1917), pp. 460–462.
* ''Lenin als Philosoph''(1938) pseud.: J. Harper
** English: ''Lenin as Philosopher: A Critical Examination of the Philosophical Basis of Leninism.'' (1948)
** Dutch: ''Lenin als filosoof. Een kritische beschouwing over de filosofische grondslagen van het Leninisme'' (1973)
* De arbeidersraden (1946) pseud.: P. Aartsz
** English: ''Workers' Councils''(1947)
Notes
References
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External links
*
*
Antonie Pannekoek Archives- Comprehensive collection of digitized socialist and scientific articles and books by Pannekoek
*K. van Berkel
"Pannekoek, Antonie (1873-1960)" in ''Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland''.
* Chaokang Tai, Bart van der Steen, and Jeroen van Dongen (eds.)
''Anton Pannekoek: Ways of Viewing Science and Society.''Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019.
Anton Pannekoek texts at Libertarian Communist LibraryRevoltLib Anton Pannekoek Archiveat Revoltlib.com
at
Marxists Internet Archive
Marxists Internet Archive (also known as MIA or Marxists.org) is a non-profit online encyclopedia that hosts a multilingual library (created in 1990) of the works of communist, anarchist, and socialist writers, such as Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels ...
Exchange of letters between Cornelius Castoriadis and Anton Pannekoek originally published in Socialisme ou Barbarie, translated and introduced b
''Viewpoint Magazine''Anton Pannekoek and the Quest For an Emancipatory SocialismAnton Pannekoek Astronomical Institute*
Fintan Lane Fintan is an Irish language, Irish given name. In Irish mythology, Fintan mac Bóchra is said to be the sole survivor of the Great Flood (Biblical), Great Flood on the island of Ireland, subsequently becoming a personification of old age and knowled ...
''Contradicting the Bolsheviks: Anton Pannekoek and European Marxism''
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pannekoek, Anton
1873 births
1960 deaths
Dutch anti-capitalists
People from Epe, Netherlands
Dutch communists
Dutch socialists
19th-century Dutch astronomers
20th-century Dutch astronomers
Libertarian Marxists
Libertarian socialists
Marxist theorists
Council communists
University of Amsterdam alumni
University of Amsterdam faculty
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
Communist Party of the Netherlands politicians
Communist Workers' Party of the Netherlands politicians
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Marxian economists