Antitheism, also spelled anti-theism, is the philosophical position that theism should be opposed. The term has had a range of applications. In secular contexts, it typically refers to direct opposition to the belief in any

deity A deity or god is a supernatural being who is considered divine or sacred. The ''Oxford Dictionary of English'' defines deity as a god or goddess, or anything revered as divine. C. Scott Littleton defines a deity as "a being with powers greate ...

Etymology

The word ''antitheism'' (or hyphenated ''anti-theism'') has been recorded in English since 1788. The etymological roots of the word are the Greek ''

anti Anti may refer to: *Anti-, a prefix meaning "against" *Änti, or Antaeus, a half-giant in Greek and Berber mythology *A false reading of ''Nemty'', the name of the ferryman who carried Isis to Set's island in Egyptian mythology * Áńt’į, or ...

'' and ''

theos THEOS, which translates from Greek as "God", is an operating system which started out as OASIS, a microcomputer operating system for small computers that use the Z80 processor. When the operating system was launched for the IBM Personal Compu ...

.'' The '' Oxford English Dictionary'' defines ''antitheist'' as "One opposed to belief in the existence of a god". The earliest citation given for this meaning dates from 1833. The term was likely coined by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.

Opposition to theism

''Antitheism'' has been adopted as a label by those who regard theism as dangerous, destructive, or encouraging of harmful behavior. Christopher Hitchens (2001) wrote: : "I'm not even an

atheist Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there no ...

so much as I am an ''antitheist''; I not only maintain that all religions are versions of the same untruth, but I hold that the influence of churches, and the effect of religious belief, is positively harmful."

Opposition to the idea of God

Other definitions of antitheism include that of the French Catholic philosopher

Jacques Maritain Jacques Maritain (; 18 November 1882 – 28 April 1973) was a French Catholic philosopher. Raised Protestant, he was agnostic before converting to Catholicism in 1906. An author of more than 60 books, he helped to revive Thomas Aquinas fo ...

(1953), for whom it is "an active struggle against everything that reminds us of God". The definition of Robert Flint (1877), Professor of Divinity at the University of Edinburgh was similar. Flint's 1877

Baird Lecture ''The Baird Lecture'' is a lectureship that was endowed by James Baird to promote the Christian religion. History and endowment In 1873 James Baird established The Baird Trust and gave into its care £500,000 to be used for aggressive Christian ...

was titled ''Anti-Theistic Theories''. He used ''"antitheism"'' as a very general umbrella term for all opposition to his own form of theism, which he defined as : the "belief that the heavens and the earth and all that they contain owe their existence and continuance to the wisdom and will of a supreme, self-existent, omnipotent, omniscient, righteous, and benevolent Being, who is distinct from, and independent of, what He has created." Flint wrote :"In dealing with theories which have nothing in common except that they are antagonistic to theism, it is necessary to have a general term to designate them. Anti-theism appears to be the appropriate word. It is, of course, much more comprehensive in meaning than the term atheism. It applies to all systems which are opposed to theism. It includes, therefore, atheism, but short of atheism, there are anti-theistic theories." : : "Polytheism is not atheism, for it does not deny that there is a deity; but it is anti-theistic since it denies that there is only one. Pantheism is not atheism, for it asserts that there is a god; but it is anti-theism, for it denies that God is a being distinct from creation and possessed of such attributes as wisdom, and holiness, and love. Every theory which refuses to ascribe to a god an attribute which is essential to a worthy conception of its character is anti-theistic. Only those theories which refuse to acknowledge that there is evidence even for the existence of a god are atheistic." However, Flint also acknowledged that antitheism is typically understood differently from how he defines it. In particular, he notes that it has been used as a subdivision of

atheism Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there no d ...

, descriptive of the view that theism has been disproven, rather than as the more general term that Flint preferred. He rejected the alternative ''

non-theistic Nontheism or non-theism is a range of both religious and nonreligious attitudes characterized by the absence of espoused belief in the existence of god or gods. Nontheism has generally been used to describe apathy or silence towards the subject o ...

'' : "not merely because of its hybrid origin and character, but also because it is far too comprehensive. The theories of physical and mental science are non-theistic, even when in no degree, directly or indirectly, antagonistic to theism."

Other, similar terms

Opposition to the existence of a god or gods is frequently referred to as '' nontheism'', or '' dystheism'', or '' misotheism''. * '' Dystheism'' would actually mean "belief in a deity that is ''not'' benevolent". * '' Misotheism'', strictly speaking, means "hatred of God". Examples of belief systems founded on the principle of opposition to the existence of a god or gods include some forms of Atheistic Satanism and maltheism.

Different definitions of "antitheism"

Christopher New (1993) proposed an altered definition of the word ''antitheism'' as part of a thought experiment: He imagines what arguments for the existence of an ''evil'' god would look like, and writes : "Antitheists, like theists, would have believed in an omnipotent, omniscient, eternal creator; but whereas theists in fact believe that the supreme being is also perfectly good, antitheists would have believed that he was perfectly evil." New's changed definition has reappeared in the work of W.A. Murphree.

References

Sources

* * Browne, Janet (2002). ''The Power of Place'', Volume 2 of the ''Biography of Charles Darwin''. Alfred Knopf * Hitchens, Christopher (2001). ''Letters to a Young Contrarian ()''. New York: Basic Books. * Maritain, Jacques (1953). ''The Range of Reason.'' London: Geoffrey Bles
Electronic Text
** Note: Chapter 8, ''The Meaning of Contemporary Atheism'' (p. 103–117

is reprinted from ''Review of Politics'', Vol. 11 (3) July 1949, p. 267–28

A version also appears ''The Listener'', Vol. 43 No.1102, 9 March 1950. pp. 427–429,432. * * Witham, Larry (2003). ''By Design'', Encounter Books * * Wright, N.T. (2005). ''The Last Word'', Harper San Francisco {{Criticism of religion Antireligion Atheism Criticism of religion Philosophy of religion Thought experiments