Antigorite is a lamellated,
monoclinic
In crystallography, the monoclinic crystal system is one of the seven crystal systems. A crystal system is described by three vectors. In the monoclinic system, the crystal is described by vectors of unequal lengths, as in the orthorhombic s ...
mineral
In geology and mineralogy, a mineral or mineral species is, broadly speaking, a solid chemical compound with a fairly well-defined chemical composition and a specific crystal structure that occurs naturally in pure form.John P. Rafferty, ed. ( ...
in the
phylosilicate serpentine subgroup
Serpentine subgroup (part of the kaolinite-serpentine group in the category of phyllosilicates) are greenish, brownish, or spotted minerals commonly found in serpentinite. They are used as a source of magnesium and asbestos, and as decorative s ...
with the ideal chemical formula of (Mg,Fe
2+)
3Si
2O
5(OH)
4.
It is the high-pressure
polymorph of serpentine and is commonly found in metamorphosed
serpentinite
Serpentinite is a rock composed predominantly of one or more serpentine group minerals, the name originating from the similarity of the texture of the rock to that of the skin of a snake. Serpentinite has been called ''serpentine'' or ''ser ...
s. Antigorite, and its serpentine polymorphs, play an important role in
subduction
Subduction is a geological process in which the oceanic lithosphere is recycled into the Earth's mantle at convergent boundaries. Where the oceanic lithosphere of a tectonic plate converges with the less dense lithosphere of a second plate, the ...
zone dynamics due to their relative weakness and high weight percent of water (up to 13 weight % H
2O).
It is named after its type locality, the Geisspfad serpentinite,
Valle Antigorio in the border region of
Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...
/
Switzerland
). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...
and is commonly used as a gemstone in jewelry and carvings.
Geologic occurrences
Antigorite is found in low-temperature, high-pressure (or high-deformation) environments, including both extensional and compressional
tectonic
Tectonics (; ) are the processes that control the structure and properties of the Earth's crust and its evolution through time. These include the processes of mountain building, the growth and behavior of the strong, old cores of continents k ...
regimes. Serpentines are commonly found in the ultramafic greenschist facies of subduction zones, and are visible on the Earth's surface through secondary exhumation. Serpentinites that contain antigorite are usually highly deformed and show distinct
textures, indicative of the dynamic region where they were formed. Antigorite serpentinites commonly have associated minerals of
magnetite
Magnetite is a mineral and one of the main iron ores, with the chemical formula Fe2+Fe3+2O4. It is one of the oxides of iron, and is ferrimagnetic; it is attracted to a magnet and can be magnetized to become a permanent magnet itself. With the ...
,
chlorite
The chlorite ion, or chlorine dioxide anion, is the halite with the chemical formula of . A chlorite (compound) is a compound that contains this group, with chlorine in the oxidation state of +3. Chlorites are also known as salts of chlorous ac ...
, and
carbonate
A carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid (H2CO3), characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion, a polyatomic ion with the formula . The word ''carbonate'' may also refer to a carbonate ester, an organic compound containing the carbonate g ...
s. Olivine under hydrothermal action, low grade metamorphism and weathering will transform into antigorite, which is often associate with talc and carbonate.
: 3Mg
3SiO
4 (olivine) + H
2O + SiO
2 → 2Mg
3Si
2O
5OH
4 (serpentine)
: 2Mg
3Si
2O
5OH
4 (serpentine) + CO
2 → 2Mg
3Si
4O
10OH
2 (talc) + 3MgCO
3 (magnesite) + H
2O
Physical properties
Lamellated antigorite occurs in tough, pleated masses. It is usually dark green in color, but may also be yellowish, gray, brown or black. It has a Mohs scale hardness of 3.5–4 and its
lustre
Lustre or Luster may refer to:
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** Luster (village), a village in the municipality of Luster
* Lustre, Montana, an unincorporated community in the United States
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is vitreous to greasy. Antigorite has a specific gravity of 2.5-2.6. The monoclinic crystals show micaceous
cleavage, a distinguished property of phyllosilicates, and fuse with difficulty. Serpentinite rocks that consist of mostly antigorite are commonly
mylonite
Mylonite is a fine-grained, compact metamorphic rock produced by dynamic recrystallization of the constituent minerals resulting in a reduction of the grain size of the rock. Mylonites can have many different mineralogical compositions; it is a cl ...
s. The antigorite grains that make up these rocks are very fine (on the order of 1 to 10
microns
The micrometre ( international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American spelling), also commonly known as a micron, is a unit of length in the International System of Unit ...
) and are fibrous, which defines a
texture
Texture may refer to:
Science and technology
* Surface texture, the texture means smoothness, roughness, or bumpiness of the surface of an object
* Texture (roads), road surface characteristics with waves shorter than road roughness
* Texture (c ...
in the rock caused by lattice preferred orientation.
Gemstone properties
![1_kula_serpentynit_antygorytowy](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/1_kula_serpentynit_antygorytowy.jpg)
Antigorite is used as gemstones or for carvings when it appears pure and translucent, although many crystals have black specks of magnetite suspended within. The gem types of antigorite are
Bowenite Bowenite is a hard, compact variety of the serpentinite species antigorite, (Mg3(OH)O4Si2O5). Classed as semi-precious gemstone it has been used for tools, weapons and jewellery by the Māori in New Zealand, and for jewellery by Fabergé. Deposits ...
and Williamsite. Bowenite, known for George T. Bowen from Rhode Island (the variety's type locality), who first analyzed the mineral, is translucent and light to dark green, often mottled with cloudy white patches and darker veining. It is the serpentine most frequently encountered in carving and jewelry, and is the state mineral of
Rhode Island
Rhode Island (, like ''road'') is a U.S. state, state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It is the List of U.S. states by area, smallest U.S. state by area and the List of states and territories of the United States ...
, United States. A bowenite
cabochon
A cabochon (; ) is a gemstone that has been shaped and polished, as opposed to faceted. The resulting form is usually a convex (rounded) obverse with a flat reverse. Cabochon was the default method of preparing gemstones before gemstone cuttin ...
featured as part of the "Our Mineral Heritage Brooch", was presented to U.S. First Lady Mrs.
Lady Bird Johnson
Claudia Alta "Lady Bird" Johnson (''née'' Taylor; December 22, 1912 – July 11, 2007) was First Lady of the United States from 1963 to 1969 as the wife of President Lyndon B. Johnson. She previously served as Second Lady from 1961 to 1963 when ...
in 1967. Williamsite is very translucent and has a medium to deep apple-green color. Somewhat resembling jade, Williamsite is often cut into
cabochon
A cabochon (; ) is a gemstone that has been shaped and polished, as opposed to faceted. The resulting form is usually a convex (rounded) obverse with a flat reverse. Cabochon was the default method of preparing gemstones before gemstone cuttin ...
s and beads.
Crystal structure
![Simple_Antigorite_Structure](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Simple_Antigorite_Structure.jpg)
The magnesian serpentines (antigorite, lizardite,
chrysotile
Chrysotile or white asbestos is the most commonly encountered form of asbestos, accounting for approximately 95% of the asbestos in the United StatesOccupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor (2007)29 C.F.R.&nbs ...
) are trioctahedral hydrous phyllosilicates. Their structure is based on 1:1 octahedral-tetrahedral layer structures. Antigorite is monoclinic in the space group Pm. Although the magnesian serpentines have similar compositions, they have significantly different crystallographic structures, which are dependent on how the SiO
4 tetrahedra sheets fit in with the octahedral sheets. Antigorite's basic composition has a smaller ratio of octahedral to tetrahedral cations (relative to lizardite and chrysotile), allowing the structure to compensate for the misfit of sheets through periodic flipping of the curved tetrahedra layers, and subsequently their polarity.
Polysomes of antigorite are defined by the number of individual tetrahedra (denoted as the value ''m'') which span a
wavelength
In physics, the wavelength is the spatial period of a periodic wave—the distance over which the wave's shape repeats.
It is the distance between consecutive corresponding points of the same phase on the wave, such as two adjacent crests, tro ...
of the direction of curvature.
The sheets of tetrahedra allow the platy, fibrous crystals to separate parallel to the 001 (basal) plane, giving antigorite its perfect cleavage.
See also
*
Serpentine subgroup
Serpentine subgroup (part of the kaolinite-serpentine group in the category of phyllosilicates) are greenish, brownish, or spotted minerals commonly found in serpentinite. They are used as a source of magnesium and asbestos, and as decorative s ...
*
Serpentinite
Serpentinite is a rock composed predominantly of one or more serpentine group minerals, the name originating from the similarity of the texture of the rock to that of the skin of a snake. Serpentinite has been called ''serpentine'' or ''ser ...
*
Subduction zone metamorphism
A subduction zone is a region of the earth's crust where one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate; oceanic crust gets recycled back into the mantle and continental crust gets created by the formation of arc magmas. Arc magmas account ...
- Hydrous minerals of a subducting slab
References
{{reflist
Serpentine group
Iron(II) minerals
Magnesium minerals