The Antarctic Floristic Kingdom, also the Holantarctic Kingdom, is a
floristic kingdom
A phytochorion, in phytogeography, is a geographic area with a relatively uniform composition of plant species. Adjacent phytochoria do not usually have a sharp boundary, but rather a soft one, a transitional area in which many species from both re ...
[Takhtajan, A. (1986). ''Floristic Regions of the World''. (translated by T.J. Crovello & A. Cronquist). University of California Press, Berkeley]
PDF
DjVu
that includes most areas of the world south of
40°S latitude
In geography, latitude is a coordinate that specifies the north– south position of a point on the surface of the Earth or another celestial body. Latitude is given as an angle that ranges from –90° at the south pole to 90° at the north pol ...
. It was first identified by
botanist
Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek wo ...
Ronald Good, and later by
Armen Takhtajan
Armen Leonovich Takhtajan or Takhtajian ( hy, Արմեն Լևոնի Թախտաջյան; russian: Армен Леонович Тахтаджян; surname also transliterated Takhtadjan, Takhtadzhi︠a︡n or Takhtadzhian, pronounced takh-tuh-JA ...
.
[ The Antarctic Floristic Kingdom is a classification in ]phytogeography
Phytogeography (from Greek φυτόν, ''phytón'' = "plant" and γεωγραφία, ''geographía'' = "geography" meaning also distribution) or botanical geography is the branch of biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution o ...
, different from the Antarctic realm
The Antarctic realm is one of eight terrestrial biogeographic realms. The ecosystem includes Antarctica and several island groups in the southern Atlantic and Indian oceans. The continent of Antarctica is so cold that it has supported only 2 v ...
classification in biogeography
Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time. Organisms and biological communities often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, ...
, and from Antarctic flora
Antarctic flora are a distinct community of vascular plants which evolved millions of years ago on the supercontinent of Gondwana. Presently, species of Antarctica flora reside on several now separated areas of the Southern Hemisphere, includin ...
genera/species classifications in botany
Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek w ...
.
Geography
The Antarctic Floristic Kingdom
The Antarctic Floristic Kingdom, also the Holantarctic Kingdom, is a floristic kingdomTakhtajan, A. (1986). ''Floristic Regions of the World''. (translated by T.J. Crovello & A. Cronquist). University of California Press, BerkeleyPDF
includes the continent of Antarctica
Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest contine ...
, Patagonia
Patagonia () refers to a geographical region that encompasses the southern end of South America, governed by Argentina and Chile. The region comprises the southern section of the Andes Mountains with lakes, fjords, temperate rainforests, and gl ...
(southern Chile
Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east a ...
, southern Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...
, Tierra del Fuego
Tierra del Fuego (, ; Spanish for "Land of the Fire", rarely also Fireland in English) is an archipelago off the southernmost tip of the South American mainland, across the Strait of Magellan. The archipelago consists of the main island, Isla G ...
), most of New Zealand
New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...
, the New Zealand Subantarctic Islands
The New Zealand Subantarctic Islands comprise the five southernmost groups of the New Zealand outlying islands. They are collectively designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Most of the islands lie near the southeast edge of the largely ...
, and all islands of the Southern Ocean
The Southern Ocean, also known as the Antarctic Ocean, comprises the southernmost waters of the World Ocean, generally taken to be south of 60° S latitude and encircling Antarctica. With a size of , it is regarded as the second-small ...
south of 40°S latitude, including Gough Island
upright=1.3, Map of Gough island
Gough Island ( ), also known historically as Gonçalo Álvares, is a rugged volcanic island in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is a dependency of Tristan da Cunha and part of the British overseas territory of Sain ...
, the Kerguelen Islands
The Kerguelen Islands ( or ; in French commonly ' but officially ', ), also known as the Desolation Islands (' in French), are a group of islands in the sub-Antarctic constituting one of the two exposed parts of the Kerguelen Plateau, a large ...
, and the Falkland Islands
The Falkland Islands (; es, Islas Malvinas, link=no ) is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf. The principal islands are about east of South America's southern Patagonian coast and about from Cape Dubouzet ...
. Tasmania
)
, nickname =
, image_map = Tasmania in Australia.svg
, map_caption = Location of Tasmania in AustraliaCoordinates:
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdi ...
is omitted since its plant species are more closely related to those found in the Australian Floristic Kingdom.
Flora
The flora of the Antarctic Kingdom dates back to the time of Gondwana
Gondwana () was a large landmass, often referred to as a supercontinent, that formed during the late Neoproterozoic (about 550 million years ago) and began to break up during the Jurassic period (about 180 million years ago). The final stages ...
, the southern supercontinent
In geology, a supercontinent is the assembly of most or all of Earth's continent, continental blocks or cratons to form a single large landmass. However, some geologists use a different definition, "a grouping of formerly dispersed continents", ...
which once included most of the landmasses of the present-day Southern Hemisphere, though it has been influenced by the flora of the Holarctic Kingdom
The asterisk ( ), from Late Latin , from Ancient Greek , ''asteriskos'', "little star", is a typographical symbol. It is so called because it resembles a conventional image of a heraldic star.
Computer scientists and mathematicians often voc ...
since the Tertiary
Tertiary ( ) is a widely used but obsolete term for the geologic period from 66 million to 2.6 million years ago.
The period began with the demise of the non-avian dinosaurs in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, at the start ...
period. Ronald Good noted, as had Joseph Dalton Hooker
Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was a British botanist and explorer in the 19th century. He was a founder of geographical botany and Charles Darwin's closest friend. For twenty years he served as director of t ...
much earlier, that many plant species of Antarctica, temperate South America and New Zealand were very closely related, despite their disjunction
In logic, disjunction is a logical connective typically notated as \lor and read aloud as "or". For instance, the English language sentence "it is raining or it is snowing" can be represented in logic using the disjunctive formula R \lor S ...
by the vast Southern Ocean
The Southern Ocean, also known as the Antarctic Ocean, comprises the southernmost waters of the World Ocean, generally taken to be south of 60° S latitude and encircling Antarctica. With a size of , it is regarded as the second-small ...
.
According to Ronald Good, about 50 genera
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...
of vascular plants are common in the Antarctic Floristic Kingdom, including ''Nothofagus
''Nothofagus'', also known as the southern beeches, is a genus of 43 species of trees and shrubs native to the Southern Hemisphere in southern South America (Chile, Argentina) and Australasia (east and southeast Australia, New Zealand, New Gui ...
'' and ''Dicksonia
''Dicksonia'' is a genus of tree ferns in the order Cyatheales. It is regarded as related to ''Cyathea'', but is considered to retain more primitive traits, dating back at least to the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. The fossil record includes ...
''. Takhtajan also made note of hundreds of other vascular plant genera scattered and isolated on islands of the Southern Ocean
An island (or isle) is an isolated piece of habitat that is surrounded by a dramatically different habitat, such as water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, skerries, cays or keys. An island ...
, including '' Calandrinia feltonii'' of the Falkland Islands, ''Pringlea antiscorbutica
''Pringlea antiscorbutica'', commonly known as Kerguelen cabbage, is a flowering plant and the sole member of the monotypic genus ''Pringlea'' in the family Brassicaceae. Its common name comes from the archipelago of its discovery, the Kerguelen ...
'' of the Kerguelen Islands, and the megaherb
Megaherbs are a group of herbaceous wildflowers growing in the New Zealand subantarctic islands and on the other subantarctic islands. They are characterised by their great size, with huge leaves and very large and often unusually coloured flowers ...
genera of the New Zealand Subantarctic Islands.
According to Takhtajan, the following families
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Ideall ...
are endemic
Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsew ...
or subendemic to this kingdom: Thyrsopteridaceae
''Thyrsopteris'' is a genus of tree fern. It contains a single living species, ''Thyrsopteris elegans'', endemic to the Juan Fernandez Archipelago off the coast of Chile. ''Thyrsopteris'' is the only genus in the family Thyrsopteridaceae in the P ...
, Lactoridaceae
''Lactoris fernandeziana'' is a flowering shrub endemic (ecology), endemic to the cloud forest of Robinson Crusoe Island, ''Masatierra'' — Robinson Crusoe Island, of the Juan Fernández Islands archipelago of Chile. It is the only extant specie ...
, Gomortegaceae
''Gomortega keule'' (syn. ''G. nitida''; Spanish language, Spanish names ''keule'', ''queule'', and ''hualhual'') is a tree native to Chile. It is the sole species of the genus ''Gomortega'' and, according to the APG IV system of 2016 (unchanged ...
, Hectorellaceae (''Hectorella''), Halophytaceae
''Halophytum ameghinoi'' is a species of herbaceous plant endemic to Patagonia. It is the only species in the genus ''Halophytum''. It is a succulent annual plant, with simple, fleshy, alternate leaves. The plants are monoecious, with solit ...
, Malesherbiaceae, Francoaceae
The Francoaceae are a small family of flowering plants in the order Geraniales, including the genera '' Francoa'', commonly known as bridal wreaths, and '' Tetilla''. The Francoaceae are recognized as a family under various classification schemes ...
, Aextoxicaceae
''Aextoxicon punctatum'', the sole species of genus ''Aextoxicon'' and family Aextoxicaceae, is a dioecious tree native to southern Chile and Argentina. Commonly known as the ''olivillo'' or ''aceitunillo'', it is a large evergreen tree native to ...
, Vivianiaceae
Vivianiaceae was a family of flowering plants placed in the order Geraniales. The family name is derived from the genus '' Viviania'' Cav. It includes both the genus ''Viviania'' and ''Balbisia''. The family is now wholly incorporated into the ...
, Misodendraceae
''Misodendrum'' is a genus of hemiparasites which grow as mistletoes on various species of ''Nothofagus''. Its species are all restricted to South America. The name of the genus is incorrectly spelt in a number of ways, including ''Misodendron'' ...
, Tribelaceae
''Tribeles australis'', the sole species in the genus ''Tribeles'', is a prostrate shrub native to Chile and Argentina.
Taxonomy
Historically it was placed alone in family Tribelaceae. This was placed in the Hydrangeales by Takhtajan, but the AP ...
, Griseliniaceae
''Griselinia'' is a genus of seven species of shrubs and trees, with a highly disjunct distribution native to New Zealand and South America. It is a classic example of the Antarctic flora. It is the sole genus in the family Griseliniaceae; in the ...
[ and ]Alseuosmiaceae
Alseuosmiaceae is a plant family of the order Asterales found in Australia, New Caledonia, and New Zealand.
They are shrubs with leaves arranged in spirals or whorls about the stem. The flowers are solitary or borne in raceme or fascicle inflor ...
.[Тахтаджян А. Л. Флористические области Земли / Академия наук СССР. Ботанический институт им. В. Л. Комарова. — Л.: Наука, Ленинградское отделение, 1978. — 247 с. — 4000 экз]
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Subdivisions
The Antarctic Floristic Kingdom
The Antarctic Floristic Kingdom, also the Holantarctic Kingdom, is a floristic kingdomTakhtajan, A. (1986). ''Floristic Regions of the World''. (translated by T.J. Crovello & A. Cronquist). University of California Press, BerkeleyPDF
is subdivided into four floristic regions, and subdivided even further into sixteen floristic provinces. Most of the provinces lie within, or very near the Antarctic convergence
The Antarctic Convergence or Antarctic Polar Front is a marine belt encircling Antarctica, varying in latitude seasonally, where cold, northward-flowing Antarctic waters meet the relatively warmer waters of the sub-Antarctic. Antarctic waters pr ...
zone.
Floristic Regions
The Floristic Regions in the Antarctic Floristic Kingdom are the:
*Fernandezian Region
The Fernandezian Region is a Floristic Region which includes two island groups, the Juan Fernández Islands and Desventuradas Islands archipelagos, that lie in the South Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Chile. It is in the Antarctic Floristic Ki ...
*Argentina-Chile-Patagonian Region
*South Subantarctic Islands Region
*Neozeylandic Region
Fernandezian Region
The Fernandezian Region
The Fernandezian Region is a Floristic Region which includes two island groups, the Juan Fernández Islands and Desventuradas Islands archipelagos, that lie in the South Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Chile. It is in the Antarctic Floristic Ki ...
is often also included within the Neotropical Kingdom
The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone.
Definition
In bioge ...
. It includes the Juan Fernández Islands
The Juan Fernández Islands ( es, Archipiélago Juan Fernández) are a sparsely inhabited series of islands in the South Pacific Ocean reliant on tourism and fishing. Situated off the coast of Chile, they are composed of three main volcanic i ...
and Desventuradas Islands
The Desventuradas Islands ( es, Islas Desventuradas, , "Unfortunate Islands" or ''Islas de los Desventurados'', "Islands of the Unfortunate Ones") is a group of four small oceanic islands located off the coast of Chile, northwest of Santiago in t ...
archipelagoes off the west coast of Chile.
*Endemic family: Lactoridaceae
''Lactoris fernandeziana'' is a flowering shrub endemic (ecology), endemic to the cloud forest of Robinson Crusoe Island, ''Masatierra'' — Robinson Crusoe Island, of the Juan Fernández Islands archipelago of Chile. It is the only extant specie ...
.
*Endemic genera: 20, including ''Thyrsopteris
''Thyrsopteris'' is a genus of tree fern. It contains a single living species, ''Thyrsopteris elegans'', endemic to the Juan Fernandez Archipelago off the coast of Chile. ''Thyrsopteris'' is the only genus in the family Thyrsopteridaceae in the P ...
'', '' Nothomyrcia'', ''Selkirkia
''Selkirkia'' is a genus of predatory, tubicolous priapulid worms known from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale, Ogygopsis Shale and Puncoviscana Formation. 142 specimens of ''Selkirkia'' are known from the Greater Phyllopod bed, where they compr ...
'', ''Cuminia
''Cuminia'' is a genus of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, first described in 1835. It contains only one known species, ''Cuminia eriantha''. It is endemic to Robinson Crusoe Island, one of the Juan Fernández Islands in the southeast Pa ...
'', '' Juania'', '' Robinsonia'', '' Rhetinodendron'', '' Symphyochaeta'', '' Centaurodendron'', '' Yunquea'', '' Hesperogreigia'', '' Podophorus'', '' Pantathera'' and '' Megalachne''.
*Species endemism of vascular plants is very high (about 70%).
*Provinces
::Juan Fernández Province
Argentina-Chile-Patagonian Region
Within southern South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southe ...
, in regions of Chile
Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east a ...
and Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...
.
*Endemic families: Gomortegaceae
''Gomortega keule'' (syn. ''G. nitida''; Spanish language, Spanish names ''keule'', ''queule'', and ''hualhual'') is a tree native to Chile. It is the sole species of the genus ''Gomortega'' and, according to the APG IV system of 2016 (unchanged ...
, Halophytaceae
''Halophytum ameghinoi'' is a species of herbaceous plant endemic to Patagonia. It is the only species in the genus ''Halophytum''. It is a succulent annual plant, with simple, fleshy, alternate leaves. The plants are monoecious, with solit ...
, Malesherbiaceae, Tribelaceae
''Tribeles australis'', the sole species in the genus ''Tribeles'', is a prostrate shrub native to Chile and Argentina.
Taxonomy
Historically it was placed alone in family Tribelaceae. This was placed in the Hydrangeales by Takhtajan, but the AP ...
, Francoaceae
The Francoaceae are a small family of flowering plants in the order Geraniales, including the genera '' Francoa'', commonly known as bridal wreaths, and '' Tetilla''. The Francoaceae are recognized as a family under various classification schemes ...
, Aextoxicaceae
''Aextoxicon punctatum'', the sole species of genus ''Aextoxicon'' and family Aextoxicaceae, is a dioecious tree native to southern Chile and Argentina. Commonly known as the ''olivillo'' or ''aceitunillo'', it is a large evergreen tree native to ...
, Misodendraceae
''Misodendrum'' is a genus of hemiparasites which grow as mistletoes on various species of ''Nothofagus''. Its species are all restricted to South America. The name of the genus is incorrectly spelt in a number of ways, including ''Misodendron'' ...
.
*Endemic genera: many, including '' Leptocionium'', ''Saxegothaea
''Saxegothaea'' is a genus comprising a single species, ''Saxegothaea conspicua''. It is a conifer in the podocarp family Podocarpaceae, native to southern South America. It grows in Chile and Argentina from 35° to 46° South latitude; in its nor ...
'', ''Austrocedrus
''Austrocedrus'' is a genus of conifer belonging to the cypress family ( Cupressaceae). It has only one species, ''Austrocedrus chilensis'', native to the Valdivian temperate rain forests and the adjacent drier steppe-forests of central-southern ...
'', ''Pilgerodendron
''Pilgerodendron'' is a genus of conifer belonging to the cypress family Cupressaceae. It has only one species, ''Pilgerodendron uviferum'', which is endemic to the Valdivian temperate rain forests and Magellanic subpolar forests of southern Chil ...
'', ''Fitzroya
''Fitzroya'' is a monotypic genus in the cypress family. The single living species, ''Fitzroya cupressoides'', is a tall, long-lived conifer native to the Andes mountains and coastal of southern Chile, and only to the Andes mountains Argentina, ...
'', ''Peumus
''Peumus boldus'', the only species in the genus ''Peumus'', is commonly known as boldo (from the Mapuche name ''foḻo''). This tree of the family Monimiaceae is natively endemic to the central region of Chile, occurring from 33° to 40° sou ...
'', ''Boquila
''Boquila'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Lardizabalaceae, native to temperate forests of central and southern Chile and Argentina. The sole species is ''Boquila trifoliolata'' (DC.) Decne., called ''pilpil, voqui, voqui ...
'', ''Lardizabala
''Lardizabala'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants. These plants are evergreen lianas, native to temperate forests of central and southern Chile.
The sole species is ''Lardizabala biternata'' Ruiz & Pav, known as ''Coguil, Cogüilera, Coi ...
'', '' Philippiella'', ''Austrocactus
''Austrocactus'' is a genus of cacti with ten species endemic of southern South America, in Argentina and Chile.
They have solitary or branched bodies, the ribs are usually divided into tubercules (except ''Austrocactus spiniflorus''). The tall ...
'', '' Holmbergia'', '' Berberidopsis'', '' Niederleinia'', '' Lebetanthus'', ''Ovidia
''Ovidia'' Meissn. is a genus of plants in the family Thymelaeaceae. (''Ovidia'' Raf. is a synonym for ''Commelina''.)
, The Plant List accepts three species:
*''Ovidia andina'' (Poepp. & Endl.) Meisn.
*''Ovidia pillopillo'' (Gay) Meisn.
*''Ov ...
'', ''Quillaja
''Quillaja'' is a genus of flowering plants, the only extant genus in the family Quillajaceae with two or three known species. It was once thought to be in the rose family, Rosaceae, but recent research shows it belongs in its own family. The i ...
'', ''Kageneckia
''Kageneckia'' is a genus of flowering plant in family Rosaceae.
Taxonomic history
''Kageneckia'', along with ''Vauquelinia
''Vauquelinia'', commonly known as the rosewoods, is a genus of the rose family, Rosaceae. It consists of two specie ...
'', '' Saxifragella'', '' Zuccagnia'', '' Tepualia'', ''Tropaeolum
''Tropaeolum'' , commonly known as nasturtium (; literally "nose-twister" or "nose-tweaker"), is a genus of roughly 80 species of annual and perennial herbaceous flowering plants. It was named by Carl Linnaeus in his book ''Species Plantarum'' ...
'', '' Gymnophyton'', '' Laretia'', ''Mulinum
''Azorella'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae, native to South America, New Zealand, southeastern Australia, and the islands of the Southern Ocean.
They are low-growing dwarf mat-forming plants growing in high exposure on mo ...
'', '' Talguenea'', ''Schizanthus
''Schizanthus'' , also called butterfly flower, fringeflower, poor-man's-orchid, is a genus of plants in the nightshade family, Solanaceae.
They are annual or biennial herbaceous plants, with attractive flowers and they belong to the subfamily ...
'', '' Melosperma'', ''Monttea
''Monttea'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Plantaginaceae.
Its native range is southern South America and is found in Argentina and Chile.
The genus name of ''Monttea'' is in honour of Manuel Montt
Manuel Francisco Ant ...
'', '' Hygea'', ''Mitraria
''Mitraria'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae, the gesneriad family, is a family of flowering plants consisting of about 152 genera and ca. 3,540 species in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World ...
'', ''Sarmienta
''Sarmienta scandens'', the Chilean pitcher flower, is a species of flowering plant, and the sole member of its genus within the family Gesneriaceae. It is native to the cool South Chilean rainforest, where it grows as an epiphyte.
The Latin sp ...
'', ''Chiliotrichum
''Chiliotrichum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.
; SpeciesBonifacino, José Mauricio. 2009. Taxonomic Revision of the ''Chiliotrichum'' group ''sensu stricto'' (Compositae: Astereae) ''Smithsonian Contributions to Bota ...
'', '' Melalema'', ''Nassauvia
''Nassauvia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Nassauvieae within the family Asteraceae. It is native to Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and the Falkland Islands.
''Nassauvia'' is said to be chocolate scented.
Species
Formerly included ...
'', ''Tetroncium
''Tetroncium'' is a genus of plants in the Juncaginaceae described as a genus in 1808. It contains only one known species, ''Tetroncium magellanicum'', known from a few sub-Antarctic islands: Tierra Del Fuego (Chile and Argentina), Falkland Isla ...
'', ''Gilliesia
''Gilliesia'' is a genus in the family Amaryllidaceae. The entire genus is native to Chile and Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South A ...
'', '' Leontochir'', '' Leucocryne'', ''Schickendantziella
''Schickendantziella'' is a plant genus in the Amaryllidaceae. It has only one species, ''Schickendantziella trichosepala'', native to Argentina and Bolivia
, image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg
, flag_alt ...
'', '' Solaria'', ''Lapageria
''Lapageria'' is a genus of flowering plants with only one known species, ''Lapageria rosea'', commonly known as Chilean bellflower or copihue (''copeewueh'', from Mapudungun ''kopiwe''). ''Lapageria rosea'' is the national flower of Chile. I ...
'', ''Conanthera
''Conanthera'' is a genus of small bulbous plants with small panicles of blue, purple or white and purple flowers. Propagation is by offsets or seed. All species are native to Chile, but there is an old 18th-Century report of ''C. bifolia' ...
'', ''Tecophilaea
''Tecophilaea'' is a genus of cormous plants in the family Tecophilaeaceae. There are two known species, both native to southern South America.
''Tecophilaea'' was named for Tecophila Billotti, botanical artist and daughter of the Italian botani ...
'', '' Tapeinia'', '' Fascicularia'', ''Ortachne
''Ortachne'' is a genus of Latin American plants in the grass family.
; SpeciesZuloaga, F. O., E. G. Nicora, Z. E. Rúgolo de Agrasar, O. Morrone, J. F. Pensiero & A. M. Cialdella. 1994. Catálogo de la familia Poaceae en la República Argentin ...
'', ''Jubaea
''Jubaea'' is a genus of palms with one species, ''Jubaea chilensis'' or ''Jubaea spectabilis'', commonly known in English as the Chilean wine palm or Chile cocopalm, and palma chilena in Spanish. It is native to southwestern South America and i ...
''
*Endemic species: many.
*Provinces
::Northern Chilean Province
::Central Chilean Province
::Argentine Pampas
The Pampas (from the qu, pampa, meaning "plain") are fertile South American low grasslands that cover more than and include the Argentine provinces of Buenos Aires, La Pampa, Santa Fe, Entre Ríos, and Córdoba; all of Uruguay; and Brazil ...
Province
::Patagonia
Patagonia () refers to a geographical region that encompasses the southern end of South America, governed by Argentina and Chile. The region comprises the southern section of the Andes Mountains with lakes, fjords, temperate rainforests, and gl ...
n Province
::Tierra del Fuego
Tierra del Fuego (, ; Spanish for "Land of the Fire", rarely also Fireland in English) is an archipelago off the southernmost tip of the South American mainland, across the Strait of Magellan. The archipelago consists of the main island, Isla G ...
Province
Neozeylandic Region
The greater New Zealand
New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...
islands region, including: the Zealandia
Zealandia (pronounced ), also known as (Māori) or Tasmantis, is an almost entirely submerged mass of continental crust that subsided after breaking away from Gondwanaland 83–79 million years ago.Gurnis, M., Hall, C.E., and Lavier, L.L., ...
islands (e.g. North Island
The North Island, also officially named Te Ika-a-Māui, is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, separated from the larger but much less populous South Island by the Cook Strait. The island's area is , making it the world's 14th-largest ...
, South Island
The South Island, also officially named , is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand in surface area, the other being the smaller but more populous North Island. It is bordered to the north by Cook Strait, to the west by the Tasman ...
), the New Zealand outlying islands
The New Zealand outlying islands are nine offshore island groups that are part of New Zealand, with all but Solander Islands lying beyond the 12nm limit of the mainland's territorial waters. Although considered an integral parts of New Zealand, ...
, and the New Zealand Subantarctic Islands
The New Zealand Subantarctic Islands comprise the five southernmost groups of the New Zealand outlying islands. They are collectively designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Most of the islands lie near the southeast edge of the largely ...
.
*Endemic family: Ixerbaceae
''Ixerba brexioides'', the sole species in the genus ''Ixerba'', is a bushy tree with thick, narrow, serrated, dark green leaves and panicles of white flowers with a green heart. The fruit is a green capsule that splits open to reveal the black s ...
an endemic monogeneric family of one species, ''Ixerba brexioides
''Ixerba brexioides'', the sole species in the genus ''Ixerba'', is a bushy tree with thick, narrow, serrated, dark green leaves and panicles of white flowers with a green heart. The fruit is a green capsule that splits open to reveal the black s ...
''. The only endemic New Zealand vascular plant family.
*Endemic genera: 50, including ''Loxsoma
''Loxsoma'' is a terrestrial fern genus endemic to New Zealand with a single species, ''Loxsoma cunninghamii''.
In the original publication, the name was spelled ''Loxoma'' but subsequently it was spelled ''Loxsoma'', and this is now the conser ...
'', ''Pseudowintera
''Pseudowintera'' is a genus of woody evergreen flowering trees and shrubs, part of family Winteraceae. The species of ''Pseudowintera'' are native to New Zealand. Winteraceae are magnoliids, associated with the humid Antarctic flora of the south ...
'', ''Hectorella
''Hectorella'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Montiaceae. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species ''Hectorella caespitosa''. It is native to New Zealand.
The genus name of ''Hectorella'' is in honour of Ja ...
'', ''Entelea
''Entelea arborescens'' or whau is a species of malvaceous tree endemic to New Zealand. ''E. arborescens'' is the only species in the genus ''Entelea''. A shrub or small tree to 6 m with large lime-like leaves giving a tropical appearance, ...
'', ''Hoheria
''Hoheria'' is a genus of six species of flowering plants in the family Malvaceae. All are endemic to New Zealand. The genus name is a latinization of the Māori language name, ''houhere''. That name, as well as lacebark and ribbonwood, are ofte ...
'', ''Corokia
''Corokia'' is a genus in the Argophyllaceae family. The genus was first described in 1839. It comprising six species native to New Zealand, Australia and Rapa Iti. ''Corokia'' species are shrubs or small trees with zigzagging (divaricating) br ...
'', ''Alseuosmia
''Alseuosmia'' is a genus of five species of flowering plants in the family Alseuosmiaceae, growing in New Zealand's North Island. Species members are characteristically small evergreen shrubs. An example occurrence of species representative ''A ...
'', ''Carmichaelia
''Carmichaelia'' (New Zealand brooms) is a genus of 24 plant species belonging to Fabaceae, the legume family. All but one species are native to New Zealand; the exception, ''Carmichaelia exsul'', is native to Lord Howe Island and presumably disp ...
'', ''Lophomyrtus
''Lophomyrtus'' is a genus of the myrtle family described as a genus in 1941. The entire genus is endemic to New Zealand. It consists of evergreen shrubs or trees, noted for their colorful leaves, which are purple, chocolate, red or bronze-gree ...
'', '' Neomyrtus'', '' Plectomirtha'', '' Stilbocarpa'', '' Kirkophytum'', '' Coxella'', '' Lignocarpa'', ''Scandia
Scandza was described as a "great island" by Gothic-Byzantine historian Jordanes in his work ''Getica''. The island was located in the Arctic regions of the sea that surrounded the world. The location is usually identified with Scandinavia.
Jor ...
'', '' Dactylanthus'', ''Myosotidium
''Myosotidium'' is a genus of plants belonging to the family Boraginaceae. This genus is represented by the single species ''Myosotidium hortensia'', the Chatham Islands lily, giant forget-me-not or Chatham Islands forget-me-not, which is endemi ...
'', '' Parahebe'', ''Negria
''Negria'' is a plant genus in the family Gesneriaceae. Its only species is ''Negria rhabdothamnoides'', commonly known as the pumpkin tree. It is related to '' Fieldia'' (syn. ''Lenbrassia'') and '' Depanthus''.
Description
The pumpkin tree ...
'', ''Rhabdothamnus
''Rhabdothamnus solandri'' is a small shrub of the family Gesneriaceae endemic to New Zealand. It is the only plant of the genus ''Rhabdothamnus'', and the only member of Gesneriaceae native to New Zealand. Its common names are New Zealand gloxin ...
'', '' Teucridium'', ''Oreostylidium
''Oreostylidium'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Stylidiaceae with a single species, ''Oreostylidium subulatum'', that is endemic to New Zealand. ''O. subulatum'' is a very small plant with small, white flowers. It has a complicate ...
'', ''Pachystegia
''Pachystegia'' is a genus of shrubs in the family Asteraceae, known as Marlborough Region, Marlborough rock daisies, with distinctive leathery leaves and daisy-like flowers. They are naturally found only in dry areas of the north-eastern South ...
'', '' Haastia'', ''Leucogenes
''Leucogenes'' is a genus of plants in the family Asteraceae, native to New Zealand.
; Species
* '' Leucogenes grandiceps'' (Hook.f.) Beauverd - New Zealand
* '' Leucogenes leontopodium'' (Hook.f.) Beauverd - New Zealand
* '' Leucogenes neglec ...
'', ''Phormium
''Phormium'' is a genus of two plant species in the family Asphodelaceae. One species is endemic to New Zealand and the other is native to New Zealand and Norfolk Island. The two species are widely known in New Zealand as flax or their Māori n ...
'', ''Rhopalostylis
''Rhopalostylis'' is a genus of two species of palms native to the South Pacific. Both are smooth-trunked, with regular ringed scars from fallen leaves. The leaves are 3–5 m in length, and the leaf bases encircle the trunk.
Distribution
'' ...
'', ''Lepidorrhachis
''Lepidorrhachis'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plant in the palm family restricted to Lord Howe Island. The genus name for the single, monoecious species, ''Lepidorrhachis mooreana'', comes from two Greek word meaning "scale" and "rachis" ...
'', ''Hedyscepe
''Hedyscepe canterburyana'', the big mountain palm or umbrella palm, is the sole species in the genus ''Hedyscepe'' of the family Arecaceae. It is endemic to Lord Howe Island, Australia and is threatened by habitat loss. It is a solitary palm wit ...
'', ''Howea
''Howea'' is a genus of two Arecaceae, palms, ''Howea belmoreana, H. belmoreana'' and ''Howea forsteriana, H. forsteriana'', both endemic to Lord Howe Island, Australia. ''H. forsteriana'' in particular is commonly grown as an indoor plant in the ...
'', '' Sporadanthus'', '' Aporostylis'', '' Desmoschoenus''),
*Endemic species: very high species endemism, especially among Pinophyta
Conifers are a group of cone-bearing seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms. Scientifically, they make up the division Pinophyta (), also known as Coniferophyta () or Coniferae. The division contains a single extant class, Pinopsida. All extan ...
.
*Provinces
:: Lord Howe Province
:: Norfolkian Province
:: Kermadecian Province
::Northern Neozeylandic Province
::Central Neozeylandic Province
::Southern Neozeylandic Province
:: Chatham Province
::New Zealand Subantarctic Islands
The New Zealand Subantarctic Islands comprise the five southernmost groups of the New Zealand outlying islands. They are collectively designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Most of the islands lie near the southeast edge of the largely ...
Province
South Subantarctic Islands Region
The South Subantarctic Islands
*Endemic species: '' Lyallia kerguelensis'', ''Pringlea antiscorbutica
''Pringlea antiscorbutica'', commonly known as Kerguelen cabbage, is a flowering plant and the sole member of the monotypic genus ''Pringlea'' in the family Brassicaceae. Its common name comes from the archipelago of its discovery, the Kerguelen ...
''
::Tristan
Tristan (Latin/ Brythonic: ''Drustanus''; cy, Trystan), also known as Tristram or Tristain and similar names, is the hero of the legend of Tristan and Iseult. In the legend, he is tasked with escorting the Irish princess Iseult to wed ...
—Gough
Gough ( ) is a surname. The surname probably derives from the Welsh (English: "red"), given as a nickname to someone with red hair or a red complexion or as a reduced form of the Irish McGough which itself is an Anglicized form of Gaelic , a patro ...
Province
::Kerguelen
The Kerguelen Islands ( or ; in French commonly ' but officially ', ), also known as the Desolation Islands (' in French), are a archipelago, group of islands in the subantarctic, sub-Antarctic constituting one of the two exposed parts of the ...
Province
See also
*Antarctic flora
Antarctic flora are a distinct community of vascular plants which evolved millions of years ago on the supercontinent of Gondwana. Presently, species of Antarctica flora reside on several now separated areas of the Southern Hemisphere, includin ...
*Antarctic realm
The Antarctic realm is one of eight terrestrial biogeographic realms. The ecosystem includes Antarctica and several island groups in the southern Atlantic and Indian oceans. The continent of Antarctica is so cold that it has supported only 2 v ...
* Flora of Antarctica (category link)
* List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands
References
External links
*''Encyclopædia Britannica
The (Latin for "British Encyclopædia") is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia. It is published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; the company has existed since the 18th century, although it has changed ownership various time ...
''
Antarctic Floristic Kingdom
{{Antarctica
Floristic kingdoms
Kingdom
Floristic kingdom
A phytochorion, in phytogeography, is a geographic area with a relatively uniform composition of plant species. Adjacent phytochoria do not usually have a sharp boundary, but rather a soft one, a transitional area in which many species from both re ...
*
*
*