''Anoplophora'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

beetle Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Endopterygota. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 400,000 describ ...

s in the

longhorn beetle The longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae), also known as long-horned or longicorns, are a large family of beetles, with over 35,000 species described. Most species are characterized by extremely long antennae, which are often as long as or longer than ...

family (Cerambycidae). They are native to

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

.McDougall, D. N
''Anoplophora chinensis''.
USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry. North American Forest Commission Exotic Forest Pest Information System (NAFC-ExFor). 2001. Most are large and colorful and thus are depicted in artwork and sought after by beetle collectors.Hoebeke, E. R. and G. Page. (2002)
Longhorned beetles of the genus ''Anoplophora'' and lithography: Alien invaders in the eye of the beholder!
''American Entomologist'' 48(4) 200-06. The genus also includes several notorious

pest insects Economic entomology is a field of entomology, which involves the study of insects that benefit or harm humans, domestic animals, and crops. Insects that cause losses are termed as pests. Some species can cause indirect damage by spreading diseases ...

Description

Beetles of ''Anoplophora'' are 1 to 5 centimeters in length. They are spotted or banded with a range of color patterns in shades of yellow, blue, purple, and white. They have very long antennae. One characteristic that is particularly useful for distinguishing the species from one another is the structure of the male genitalia.Wu, W. and S. Jiang. (1989)
A taxonomic study of the male genitalia of the genus ''Anoplophora'' Hope (Col. Cerambycidae).
''Acta Entomologica Sinica'' 2, 012.

Impacts

Several ''Anoplophora'' species are major pests of urban,

ornamental Ornamental may refer to: *Ornamental grass, a type of grass grown as a decoration *Ornamental iron, mild steel that has been formed into decorative shapes, similar to wrought iron work *Ornamental plant, a plant that is grown for its ornamental qua ...

, and

agricultural Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating Plant, plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of Sedentism, sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of Domestication, domesticated species created food ...

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...

s. The

Asian long-horned beetle The Asian long-horned beetle (''Anoplophora glabripennis''), also known as the starry sky, sky beetle, or ALB, is native to eastern China, and Korea. This species has now been accidentally introduced into the United States, where it was first di ...

(''A. glabripennis'') is native to

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

and

Korea Korea ( ko, 한국, or , ) is a peninsular region in East Asia. Since 1945, it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel, with North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) comprising its northern half and South Korea (Republic o ...

, and it is now widespread in Europe as an

introduced species An introduced species, alien species, exotic species, adventive species, immigrant species, foreign species, non-indigenous species, or non-native species is a species living outside its native distributional range, but which has arrived there ...

. Populations of this beetle have been detected in some locations in North America, including

Toronto Toronto ( ; or ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario. With a recorded population of 2,794,356 in 2021, it is the most populous city in Canada and the fourth most populous city in North America. The city is the ancho ...

Chicago (''City in a Garden''); I Will , image_map = , map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago , coordinates = , coordinates_footnotes = , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name ...

, New Jersey, Ohio, Massachusetts, and

New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...

, and have either been declared eradicated, or are currently being dealt with under an eradication program. Many tree species can serve as hosts to the beetle, but it especially favors

maple ''Acer'' () is a genus of trees and shrubs commonly known as maples. The genus is placed in the family Sapindaceae.Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 nd more or less continuously updated since http ...

s.Smith, M. T., et al. (2009)
Asian longhorned beetle ''Anoplophora glabripennis'' (Motschulsky): Lessons learned and opportunities to improve the process of eradication and management.
''American Entomologist'' 55(1) 21-26. The

citrus long-horned beetle The citrus long-horned beetle (''Anoplophora chinensis'', also appearing in many sources as ''Anoplophora malasiaca'') is a long-horned beetle native to Japan, China, Korea, and Southeast Asia where it is considered a serious pest. Several cou ...

(''A. chinensis''; syn. ''A. malasiaca'') has been introduced from Asia to Europe and North America. It is a pest of

citrus ''Citrus'' is a genus of flowering plant, flowering trees and shrubs in the rue family, Rutaceae. Plants in the genus produce citrus fruits, including important crops such as Orange (fruit), oranges, Lemon, lemons, grapefruits, pomelos, and lim ...

and other fruit and nut trees. It infests forest trees and ornamentals. It attacks over 100 species of trees, shrubs, and herbs from many plant families. Damage from its wood-boring larvae can kill trees.

Diversity

In a 2002 revision of the genus, 36 species were recognized. At least nine more species have been described since then, and additional revisionary work has subsumed several other genera into ''Anoplophora'', so it includes over 50 species at present.

Species

*'' Anoplophora albopicta'' (Matsushita, 1933) *'' Anoplophora amoena'' (Jordan, 1895) *'' Anoplophora ankangensis'' (Chiang, 1981) *''

Anoplophora asuanga ''Anoplophora'' is a genus of beetles in the longhorn beetle family (Cerambycidae). They are native to Asia.McDougall, D. N''Anoplophora chinensis''.USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry. North American Forest Commission Exotic Forest P ...

'' Schultze, 1923 *'' Anoplophora beryllina'' (Hope, 1840) *''

Anoplophora birmanica ''Anoplophora'' is a genus of beetles in the longhorn beetle family (Cerambycidae). They are native to Asia.McDougall, D. N''Anoplophora chinensis''.USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry. North American Forest Commission Exotic Forest P ...

'' Huedepohl, 1990 *''

Anoplophora bowringii ''Anoplophora'' is a genus of beetles in the longhorn beetle family (Cerambycidae). They are native to Asia.McDougall, D. N''Anoplophora chinensis''.USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry. North American Forest Commission Exotic Forest P ...

'' (White, 1858) *''

Anoplophora cheni ''Anoplophora'' is a genus of beetles in the longhorn beetle family (Cerambycidae). They are native to Asia.McDougall, D. N''Anoplophora chinensis''.USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry. North American Forest Commission Exotic Forest P ...

'' Bi & Ohbayashi, 2015 *''

Anoplophora chiangi ''Anoplophora'' is a genus of beetles in the longhorn beetle family (Cerambycidae). They are native to Asia.McDougall, D. N''Anoplophora chinensis''.USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry. North American Forest Commission Exotic Forest P ...

'' Hua & Zhang, 1991 *'' Anoplophora chinensis'' (Forster, 1771) *''

Anoplophora coeruleoantennata ''Anoplophora'' is a genus of beetles in the longhorn beetle family (Cerambycidae). They are native to Asia.McDougall, D. N''Anoplophora chinensis''.USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry. North American Forest Commission Exotic Forest P ...

'' (Breuning, 1946) *'' Anoplophora davidis'' (Fairmaire, 1886) *'' Anoplophora decemmaculata'' Pu, 1999 *'' Anoplophora elegans'' (Gahan, 1888) *'' Anoplophora fanjingensis'' Yang, Yang & Tian, 2020 *'' Anoplophora flavomaculata'' (Gressitt, 1935) *'' Anoplophora freyi'' (Breuning, 1946) *'' Anoplophora fruhstorferi'' (Aurivillius, 1902) *''

Anoplophora glabripennis The Asian long-horned beetle (''Anoplophora glabripennis''), also known as the starry sky, sky beetle, or ALB, is native to eastern China, and Korea. This species has now been accidentally introduced into the United States, where it was first dis ...

'' (Motschulsky, 1854) *'' Anoplophora graafi'' (Ritsema, 1880) *'' Anoplophora granata'' Holzschuh, 1993 *'' Anoplophora gressitti'' Ohbayashi & Bi, 2014 *'' Anoplophora horsfieldii'' (Hope, 1842) *'' Anoplophora huangjianbini'' Wang & He, 2021 *'' Anoplophora imitator'' (White, 1858) *'' Anoplophora irregularis'' (Aurivillius, 1924) *'' Anoplophora jianfenglingensis'' Hua, 1989 *'' Anoplophora leechi'' (Gahan, 1888) *'' Anoplophora longehirsuta'' Breuning, 1968 *'' Anoplophora lucipor'' Newman, 1842 *'' Anoplophora lurida'' (Pascoe, 1857) *'' Anoplophora macularia'' (Thomson, 1865) *'' Anoplophora mamaua'' Schultze, 1923 *'' Anoplophora medenbachii'' (Ritsema, 1881) *'' Anoplophora multimaculata'' (Xie & Wang, 2015) *'' Anoplophora ogasawaraensis'' Makihara, 1976 *'' Anoplophora oshimana'' (Fairmaire, 1895) *'' Anoplophora puxian'' Wang & He, 2021 *'' Anoplophora quadrifasciata'' (Breuning, 1961) *'' Anoplophora rubidacorpora'' Xie, Shi & Wang, 2015 *'' Anoplophora ryukyuensis'' Breuning & Ohbayashi, 1964 *'' Anoplophora sebastieni'' Duranton, 2004 *'' Anoplophora siderea'' Bi, Chen & Ohbayashi, 2020 *'' Anoplophora similis'' (Gahan, 1900) *'' Anoplophora sollii'' (Hope, 1840) *'' Anoplophora stanleyana'' Hope, 1840 *'' Anoplophora tianaca'' Schultze, 1923 *'' Anoplophora tonkinea'' (Pic, 1907) *'' Anoplophora viriantennata'' Wang & Chiang, 1998 *'' Anoplophora wusheana'' Chang, 1960 *'' Anoplophora zonator'' (Thomson, 1878)

Description

Impacts

Diversity

Species

References

Further reading