The Government of the Grand National Assembly ( tr, Büyük Millet Meclisi Hükûmeti), self-identified as the State of Turkey () or

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ...

(), commonly known as the Ankara Government (),Kemal Kirişci, Gareth M. Winrow: ''The Kurdish Question and Turkey: An Example of a Trans-State Ethnic Conflict'', Routledge, 1997,
pages 71-75, 77-79, 80, 82-84
or archaically Angora Government, was the provisional and revolutionary Turkish government based in

Ankara Ankara ( , ; ), historically known as Ancyra and Angora, is the capital of Turkey. Located in the central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5.1 million in its urban center and over 5.7 million in Ankara Province, maki ...

(then known as Angora) during the

Turkish War of Independence The Turkish War of Independence "War of Liberation", also known figuratively as ''İstiklâl Harbi'' "Independence War" or ''Millî Mücadele'' "National Struggle" (19 May 1919 – 24 July 1923) was a series of military campaigns waged by th ...

(1919–1923) and during the final years of the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...

. It was led by the

Turkish National Movement The Turkish National Movement ( tr, Türk Ulusal Hareketi) encompasses the political and military activities of the Turkish revolutionaries that resulted in the creation and shaping of the modern Republic of Turkey, as a consequence of the defe ...

, as opposed to the crumbling '' Constantinople Government'', which was led by the

Ottoman Sultan The sultans of the Ottoman Empire ( tr, Osmanlı padişahları), who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman), ruled over the transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to its dissolution in 1922. At its hei ...

. During the War of Independence, the Government of the Grand National Assembly commanded the army known as

Kuva-yi Milliye The Kuva-yi Milliye ( ota, قواى مليه; 'National Forces' or 'Nationalist Forces') were irregular Turkish militia forces active in the early period of the Turkish War of Independence. These irregular forces emerged after the occupation of ...

("National Forces"). After the war and victory over the

monarchist Monarchism is the advocacy of the system of monarchy or monarchical rule. A monarchist is an individual who supports this form of government independently of any specific monarch, whereas one who supports a particular monarch is a royalist. ...

Constantinople Government, the republican Ankara Government declared the end of the

and the creation of the

Republic of Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ...

from its ashes in 1923. The

Grand National Assembly Great National Assembly or Grand National Assembly may refer to: * Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia, an assembly of Romanian delegates that declared the unification of Transylvania and Romania * Great National Assembly (Socialist Republic of R ...

is today the parliamentary body of Turkey.

Background

At the time the Ankara Government was proclaimed, there existed another Turkish government in the

Allied An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...

-occupied

Constantinople la, Constantinopolis ota, قسطنطينيه , alternate_name = Byzantion (earlier Greek name), Nova Roma ("New Rome"), Miklagard/Miklagarth (Old Norse), Tsargrad ( Slavic), Qustantiniya (Arabic), Basileuousa ("Queen of Cities"), Megalopolis (" ...

(now

Istanbul Istanbul ( , ; tr, İstanbul ), formerly known as Constantinople ( grc-gre, Κωνσταντινούπολις; la, Constantinopolis), is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, serving as the country's economic, ...

), namely the Imperial Ottoman Government, often known as the "''Constantinople Government''" (as opposed to the nationalist Ankara Government). Once the

was established, on 23 April 1920, without rejecting at first the legitimacy of the

ate, the new parliament in Ankara formed its own government within the Assembly. The Ministers were called "''Vekil''" (Acting) instead of the conventional "''Nazır''", to keep with the provisional nature of the government. The Ankara Government was founded to represent

because the ''de jure'' capital, Constantinople, was under occupation. The president of the GNA (renamed the ''

Grand National Assembly of Turkey The Grand National Assembly of Turkey ( tr, ), usually referred to simply as the TBMM or Parliament ( tr, or ''Parlamento''), is the unicameral Turkish legislature. It is the sole body given the legislative prerogatives by the Turkish Consti ...

'' after 8 February 1921) and later of the Republic of Turkey, was

Mustafa Kemal Pasha Mustafa ( ar, مصطفى , Muṣṭafā) is one of the names of Prophet Muhammad, and the name means "chosen, selected, appointed, preferred", used as an Arabic given name and surname. Mustafa is a common name in the Muslim world. Given name Mou ...

. Once the

Armistice of Mudanya The Armistice of Mudanya (in Turkish: ''Mudanya Mütarekesi'') was an agreement between Turkey (the Grand National Assembly of Turkey) on the one hand, and Italy, France, and Britain on the other hand, signed in the Ottoman town of Mudanya, in t ...

was signed, replacing the Armistice of Mundros (signed by the Ottoman Empire in 1918 at the end of

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

) and ending the

, the GNA abolished the imperial Sultanate, which was accused of collaborating with the

Allies An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...

during the occupation of Turkey. The Angora Government and its Claims

The Constantinople Government, representing the Ottoman sultanate and the old imperial and monarchical order, initially refused to recognize the

Turkish national movement The Turkish National Movement ( tr, Türk Ulusal Hareketi) encompasses the political and military activities of the Turkish revolutionaries that resulted in the creation and shaping of the modern Republic of Turkey, as a consequence of the defe ...

and the Government of the Grand National Assembly in Ankara, holding that it alone was the legitimate government of the Ottoman Empire. It attempted to militarily defeat the Ankara Government using its

Kuva-yi Inzibatiye The Kuvâ-i İnzibâtiyye ( ota, قوای انضباطيّه, lit=Forces of Order; tr, Hilafet Ordusu, lit=Caliphate Army) was an army established on 18 April 1920 by the imperial government of the Ottoman Empire in order to fight against the ...

, i.e. the "Forces of Order", commonly known as the "Army of the Caliphate" (as opposed to the GNA's forces, the

, the "Army of the Nation"), but failed to do so. In 1921, diplomatic teams from both the monarchist Constantinople Government and the republican Ankara Government appeared at the

Conference of London List of conferences in London (chronological): * London Conference of 1830 guaranteed the independence of Belgium * London Conference of 1832 convened to establish a stable government in Greece * London Conference of 1838–1839 preceded the Tr ...

. In a surprising move, however, the Ottoman diplomatic team led by Ahmet Tevfik Pasha gave in and allowed the Turkish diplomatic team led by Bekir Sami Kunduh to be the sole representatives of the country at the conference. The

Treaty of Lausanne The Treaty of Lausanne (french: Traité de Lausanne) was a peace treaty negotiated during the Lausanne Conference of 1922–23 and signed in the Palais de Rumine, Lausanne, Switzerland, on 24 July 1923. The treaty officially settled the conflic ...

was signed on 24 July 1923, between the representatives of the Allies and of Ankara, thus officially recognizing the government of Ankara as the legitimate Turkish government. On 29 October, the

was proclaimed by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.

The governments

The governments prior to the Republic were used to be called "Executive ministers of Turkey." They were: * 1st cabinet of the Executive Ministers of Turkey * 2nd cabinet of the Executive Ministers of Turkey * 3rd cabinet of the Executive Ministers of Turkey * 4th cabinet of the Executive Ministers of Turkey *

5th cabinet of the Executive Ministers of Turkey The 5th cabinet of executive ministers of Turkey (14 August 1923- 27 October 1923 ) was the fifth government formed by the nationalists after the Turkish War of Independence. The Republic was not yet proclaimed and the government was called ' ("cab ...

References

External links

History of the Grand National Assembly
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112091439/http://global.tbmm.gov.tr/index.php/EN/yd/icerik/12 , date=2022-01-12 States and territories established in 1920 States and territories disestablished in 1923 Angora vilayet Turkish War of Independence 1920 in the Ottoman Empire 1921 in the Ottoman Empire 1922 in the Ottoman Empire 1923 in Turkey Provisional governments Historical Turkic states

Background

The governments

See also

References

External links