) , deity_of = Sovereign of the East
Guardian God of the Eastern Direction , member_of = Maikei Ngaakpa Lais and

Umang Lai Umang Lai are the group of sacred groves preserved for the local forest deities (with the same title), worshipped by the Meitei people, the Pangal people and Meitei Christians, the predominant ethnic groups, since ancient times in the Himalayan ...

s , image = NONGPOK NINGTHOU.jpg , alt = , caption = "Nongpok Ningthou", the name of the God, written in archaic Meetei Mayek abugida , other_names = Kainou Chingsompa Angoupa Apanpa , hiro = , Old_Norse = , script_name = , script = , affiliation = Meitei mythology ( Manipuri mythology) and Meitei religion ( Sanamahism) , cult_center =

Nongmaiching Hill ) , native_name_lang = mni , translation = "Nongmaijing Mountain" or "Nongmaijing Hill" (see here) , pronunciation = /nong-māi-jīng chīng/ , authority = Government of Manipur , location ...

(alias Selloi Langmai Ching) , abode =

(alias Selloi Langmai Ching) , planet = , weapon = spear , battles = , artifacts = , animals = , symbol = , adherents = , height = , age = , tree = , day = , color = , number = , consort = Panthoibi , parents = , siblings = , offspring = , predecessor = , successor = , army = , mount = , texts =

PuYa Puya may refer to: * ''Puya'' (plant), in the family Bromeliaceae * Puya (river), in Russia * Puya, a variety of Guajillo chili * ''Puya'' (Meitei texts), traditional or mythological texts of the Meetei people * ''Culoepuya'' or ''Culo'e Puya'', V ...

s , gender = Male , Greek_equivalent = , Roman_equivalent = , Etruscan_equivalent = , Christian_equivalent = , Slavic_equivalent = , Hinduism_equivalent = Shiva , Canaanite_equivalent = , equivalent1_type = Chinese , equivalent1 = King Father of the East , equivalent2_type = , equivalent2 = , region =

Ancient Kangleipak The Manipur Kingdom was an ancient independent kingdom at the India–Burma frontier that was in subsidiary alliance with British India from 1824, and became a princely state in 1891. It bordered Assam Province in the west and Briti ...

( Antique Manipur) , ethnic_group = Meitei ethnicity , festivals = Lai Haraoba Nongpok Ningthou ( Ancient Meitei: Langmai Ningthou), also known as Sovereign of the East or King of the East, is a deity in Meitei mythology and religion of

( Antique Manipur). He is the ruling guardian deity of the eastern direction. Legend says Nongpok Ningthou and Panthoibi got united in the Nongmaiching hills (Langmai hills). Later, they were worshipped as the civilization giving deities in Meitei religion. Nongpok Ningthou is one of the principal

s. He was originally known as "Langmai Ningthou" (lit. Lord of the Langmai people). He is the highest divinity in the

s. The term ''Nongpok Ningthou'' means "Sovereign of the East" or "King of the East".

Etymology

Meitei language Meitei (), also known as Manipuri (, ), is a Tibeto-Burman language of north-eastern India. It is spoken by around 1.8 million people, predominantly in the state of Manipur, but also by smaller communities in the rest of the country and in pa ...

(

Manipuri language Meitei (), also known as Manipuri (, ), is a Tibeto-Burman language of north-eastern India. It is spoken by around 1.8 million people, predominantly in the state of Manipur, but also by smaller communities in the rest of the country and in pa ...

), the word "Nongpok" (ꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛ, /noŋ.pok/) literally means "the East". Morphologically, "Nongpok" can be broken into "Nong" and "Pok". Here, "Nong" means "day" and "Pok" means "to give birth". The Meitei term " Ningthou" (ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ, /niŋ.tʰəu/) literally means "the King", "the Ruler" or "the Sovereign". The English translation of the name ''Nongpok Ningthou'' is "Sovereign of the East" or "King of the East".

History

The

(also known as Selloi Langmai Hills) was the ancestral territory of the Selloi Langmai people. This zone has the strongest worship of God Langmai Ningthou (Nongpok Ningthou). According to the Nongmaiching Chingkoipa (AKA Nongmaijing Chingoiba) text, the mountain in the east and beyond the rivers (Imphal R., Iril R. and Kongba R.) is the abode of God Keinou Chingsompa (another name of Nongpok Ningthou). According to the

Thalon ''Thāron'' ( mni, Thaaron, Knowledge of the Months an ancient Puya (Meitei texts) , Meitei language text, about the lore of the twelve lunar Month, months of a year. It is the foundation for the Meitei calendar. It describes the changing patt ...

( Tharon) text, Selloi Langmai Hill had 5 divisions. Each division was occupied by different ethic groups. Each groups had different ancestral deities. These were later described as the 5 pillars of the Selloi Langmai country. Later, in the course of time, these 5 gods belonging to 5 different places of the Selloi Langmai Hill were integrated into a single God with the name "Langmai Ningthou". The personal names became the aliases or various forms of the God. With this, the tribal society of the Selloi Langmai people evolved into a chiefdom. This chiefdom later rose to the Angom dynasty. According to the Naothingkhong Phambal Kaba

, the position of the Langmai Ningthou (lit. ''Langmai King'') rose to the highest level of the

God. He acquired a new title "Nongpok Ningthou". It took place after the uprooting of the Selloi Langmai people by the Meetei King Ura Konthouba in the 6-7th century AD. With the end of the ethnic conflict, the Selloi Langmai people merged into the Meitei ethnicity. Their deity "Langmai Ningthou" got renamed as "Nongpok Ningthou" (lit. ''Sovereign of the East''). The name of the God was given by the Meiteis. The God originally belonged to the Selloi Langmai people. These group of people lived in the East of the Kangla, the capital of the Meitei kingdom. The

Cheitharol Kumbaba ''Cheitharol Kumbaba'', also spelled ''Cheithalon Kumpapa'', is the court chronicle of the kings of Manipur. The oldest extant version was copied in the early 19th century, under Jai Singh, the puppet king installed after the Burmese invasion, ...

mentioned the God for the first time during the reign of King Khagemba (1597 AD-1652 AD).

Mythology

God Nongpok Ningthou and Goddess Panthoibi are true lovers. They first met when the goddess was wandering in the open meadows, bathing and sporting in the cool waters of the running river. She was captivated by the handsome looks and towering personality of Nongpok Ningthou (alias Angoupa Kainou Chingsangsompa). They fell in love at first sight. He proposed her to elope with him. But the already married goddess didn't accept the instant proposal very soon because it was not even five days passed after her wedding. She insisted him to spend some time. The two lovers met secretly but regularly many times. Panthoibi's behavior causes her in-laws to have suspicion over her. Her mortal husband, Khaba Sokchrongba, tried to win her heart with many tricks. But these were useless to the goddess. Nongpok Ningthou eloped with Goddess Panthoibi, his true lover, wearing the attires of the Tangkhuls. Nongpok Ningthou and Panthoibi, the two divine lovers, united on the

s. Their joyous union was celebrated with dances and music by the divine beings. These celebration gave birth to the Lai Haraoba festival. In another version of the story, Nongpok Ningthou met goddess Panthoibi for the first time when she was helping her father at jhum cultivation (Slash-and-burn). They fell in love at first sight without no conversation. But Panthoibi was married to another man against her will. She left her husband's house to search for her true beloved. Nongpok Ningthou also left his home for the same purpose. The lovers met at the Kangla. Kangla became the place of their divine union. So, it is considered to be an auspicious place of coronation of the Meitei kings.

Cults and shrines

Most of the surviving cults and shrines dedicated to God Langmai Ningthou (Nongpok Ningthou) are located in the

( Selloi Langmai Hill) and its nearby areas. A few of the most prominent shrines include: (1) Nongpok at Yairipok, (2) Panam Ningthou at Andro, (3) Nongpok Ningthou at Khoirom, (4) Pureiromba at Lamlai, (5) Nongpok Ningthou at Engourok (Ingourok), (6) Pureiromba at Naharup, (7) Nongpok Ningthou at Takhel, (8) Pureiromba at Bamon Kampu, (9) Nongpok Ningthou at Charangpat Maning, (10) Waroi Ching Malang Lamhuiba at Waroi Ching, (11) Nongpok at Chandrakhong. These shrines are under the institution of the

sm. However, there are many shrines of God Langmai Ningthou independent from the

sm. Examples include Chingyai, Kharong, Isingchaibi, Nungpak Khul, Chingoi, etc. Due to the independence from the

sm, these shrines were absorbed into Hinduism during the post- Charairongba era in Manipur. One notable instance is the shrine of Chingyai. The shrine of Chingyai was converted into the cult of Hindu God Shiva Mahadeva during the reign of King Chandrakirti (1850 AD-1886 AD). Khwairakpa Erel is the most famous sacred site dedicated to Nongpok Ningthou (alias Khwairakpa) in Assam. It is an island in the middle of the Barak River.

In art

Dance

Panthoibi Jagoi is a duet dance form that is accompanied by a romantic song sung by a maibi and a penakhongba ( Pena (musical instrument) player). It has reference to the love of Nongpok Ningthou for his consort Panthoibi. The ''Tangkhul Nurabi Loutaba'' is an enactment of the repartee between Tangkhul Pakhang (Nongpok Ningthou) and Nurabi ( Panthoibi). The two players dress up in Tangkhul attires of farming in the field. This is performed on the last night of the Kanglei Haraoba (a form of Lai Haraoba).

Festival

* The Nongpok Ningthou Panthoibi Haraoba festival is celebrated for five consecutive days every year in Manipur. One of the grand celebrations is organized in Kwatha.

Sacred sites

* The deity Nongpok Ningthou and his goddess Panthoibi have a pantheon ''Nongpok Ningthou Panthoibi Hill'' in Yairipok, Manipur. * Every year, thousands of devotees thronged to the sacred site of God Nongpok Ningthou to seek his blessings near the Jiri river in Assam. * In a place Kwatha, there is a sacred place of God Nongpok Ningthou and his goddess Panthoibi, where devotees used to worship them. * There's a sacred site of God Nongpok Ningthou and his goddess Panthoibi at Yanglem Leikai. * Nongpok Ningthou Laishang, a sacred site of the god is also situated in Bishnupur, Manipur, India.

References

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