or ''angama odori'' (''angama'' dance) is a style of dancing that is performed in many communities of
Japan's
Yaeyama Islands
The Yaeyama Islands (八重山列島 ''Yaeyama-rettō'', also 八重山諸島 ''Yaeyama-shotō'', Yaeyama: ''Yaima'', Yonaguni: ''Daama'', Okinawan: ''Yeema'', Northern Ryukyuan: ''Yapema'') are an archipelago in the southwest of Okinawa P ...
during the
Bon Festival
or just is fusion of the ancient Japanese belief in ancestral spirits and a Japanese Buddhist custom to honor the spirits of one's ancestors. This Buddhist–Confucian custom has evolved into a family reunion holiday during which people retu ...
, which is known as ''sōrin'' (< ''shōryō'' (精霊)) in Yaeyama. A related performance is known as ''
mushāma'' in
Hateruma
Hateruma (波照間島; ''Hateruma-jima''; Yaeyama: ''Patirooma'', Hateruma dialect: ''Besїma'' "our island", Okinawan: ''Hatiruma'', Northern Ryukyuan: ''Patara'') is an island in the Yaeyama District of Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. It is th ...
. In
Kohama Island
( Yaeyama: ''Kumoo'', Okinawan: ''Kubama'') is an island in the Yaeyama Islands group at the southwestern end of the Ryukyu Islands chain, and part of Taketomi, Yaeyama District, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. The island has an area of , with a sur ...
, the northern community performs a dance named ''jiruku'' while the southern community performs ''Minma buduri''.
Etymology
There is no consensus on the etymology of ''angama''. One theory decomposes ''angama'' into *''an'' (possibly meaning mother) and *''gama'' (possibly a diminutive suffix). Another theory relates ''angama'' to "elder sister" (''angwā'' in Okinawan). Some argue that it might mean "disguise of a mask".
Nenbutsu practice
''Angama'' shares its mainland Japanese origin with Okinawa's
Eisā. The songs to which people dance are called ''
nenbutsu
Nianfo (, Japanese: , , vi, niệm Phật) is a term commonly seen in Pure Land Buddhism. In the context of Pure Land practice, it generally refers to the repetition of the name of Amitābha. It is a translation of Sanskrit '' '' (or, "recoll ...
'' songs. According to the genealogy of the San'yō lineage, nenbutsu practice was brought from
Ryūkyū
The , also known as the or the , are a chain of Japanese islands that stretch southwest from Kyushu to Geography of Taiwan, Taiwan: the Ōsumi Islands, Ōsumi, Tokara Islands, Tokara, Amami Islands, Amami, Okinawa Islands, Okinawa, and Sakis ...
in 1657 when Yaeyama's samurai leader
Miyara Chōjū traveled to Okinawa to pay tribute. It is known from other sources that by that time nenbutsu practice had spread to the capital Shuri–Naha region of
Okinawa Island. There were at least two traditions of nenbutsu practice. One was started in the 1600s by
Taichū (1552–1639), a
Jōdo sect monk from
Mutsu Province, and was carried on by his followers in Kakinohana, Naha. The other was performed by the ''
Chondarā'', a Shuri-based group of puppeteers, who also had mainland Japanese roots. Folklorist Shinjō Toshio argued that what Miyara Chōjū learned must have been Taichū's one.
Sakai Masako, a researcher on folk music, questioned Shinjō's theory. Pointing out that Yaeyama has a larger repository of nenbutsu songs than Okinawa, she presumed multiple origins of nenbutsu songs.
It was considered taboo to sing nenbutsu songs out of season.
Performances
According to the local historian
Kishaba Eijun, ''angama'' traditions can be divided into two groups: one is performed by the four samurai communities of
Ishigaki Island
, also known as ''Ishigakijima'', is a Japanese island south-west of Okinawa Hontō and the second-largest island of the Yaeyama Island group, behind Iriomote Island. It is located approximately south-west of Okinawa Hontō. It is within the ...
and the other is of commoners in rural communities and remote islands. He argued that the latter had better preserved its traditional way. In the samurai communities of Ishigaki, a group of people with drums (''taiko'') and ''
sanshin
The is an Okinawan and Amami Islands musical instrument and precursor of the mainland Japanese (). Often likened to a banjo, it consists of a snakeskin-covered body, neck and three strings.
Origins
Its close resemblance in both appearance a ...
'' parades around houses of each village. They enter a house that is surrounded by a larger number of spectators. Once everyone sits, ''Uya nu Ugun'' (親の御恩, or Nzō Nenbutsu 無蔵念仏) was sung to mark the beginning, and dancers clap with the beat. Dances and songs alternate with question and answer, in which two masked character ''Ushumai'' (old man) and ''Nmi'' (old woman) represent ancestral spirits and answer in a humorous way to questions about the afterlife asked by villagers. Kishaba noted that what distinguished samurai's ''angama'' from the rural one was that the former was an indoor performance.
In rural communities, ''angama'' dances are performed in the garden. A group of people forms a circle. In the center people sing and play drums, flutes, gongs and ''sanshin'', depending on regional variants, and they are surrounded by male and female dancers. "Shichigwachi Nenbutsu" (七月念仏), "KōKō Nenbutsu" (孝行念仏) and "''Chonjon'' Nenbutsu" (仲順念仏) were mainly sung.
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Angama (Yaeyama)
Buddhism in Japan
Dances of Japan
Ritual dances
Yaeyama culture