André Tulard (1899–1967) was a French civil administrator and

police The police are a constituted body of persons empowered by a state, with the aim to enforce the law, to ensure the safety, health and possessions of citizens, and to prevent crime and civil disorder. Their lawful powers include arrest and t ...

inspector. He is known for having created the "Tulard files," which censused

Jews Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...

Vichy France Vichy France (french: Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State ('), was the fascist French state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. Officially independent, but with half of its ter ...

. Tulard was head of the Service of Foreigners and Jewish Affairs at the

Prefecture of Police In France, a Prefecture of Police (french: Préfecture de police), headed by the Prefect of Police (''Préfet de police''), is an agency of the Government of France under the administration of the Ministry of the Interior. Part of the National Pol ...

of Paris. Although Tulard was an active collaborator with the Germans he received no punishment after the war, and even retained his title as ''Chevalier'' (Knight) of the

Légion d'Honneur The National Order of the Legion of Honour (french: Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour ('), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil. Established in 1802 by Napoleon ...

The Tulard files (''fichier Tulard'')

Tulard created the first files, censusing members of the

French Communist Party The French Communist Party (french: Parti communiste français, ''PCF'' ; ) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of communism. The PCF is a member of the Party of the European Left, and its MEPs sit in the European Unit ...

(PCF), for the Prefecture of Police under the Third Republic (1871–1940). He created another one, under Vichy, which listed

. These files were then handed over to

Theodor Dannecker Theodor Denecke (also spelled Dannecker) (27 March 1913 – 10 December 1945) was a German SS-captain (), a key aide to Adolf Eichmann in the deportation of Jews during World War II. A trained lawyer Denecke first served at the Reich Security M ...

, head of the

Gestapo The (), abbreviated Gestapo (; ), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe. The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of Prussia into one organi ...

in Paris. Following a Nazi

ordinance Ordinance may refer to: Law * Ordinance (Belgium), a law adopted by the Brussels Parliament or the Common Community Commission * Ordinance (India), a temporary law promulgated by the President of India on recommendation of the Union Cabinet * ...

dated 21 September 1940, which forced Jews in the "occupied zone" to declare themselves as such in police office or sub-prefectures (''sous-préfectures''), Vichy promulgated on 3 October 1940 the first Jewish Status. In the sole

department of the Seine Seine was the former department of France encompassing Paris and its immediate suburbs. It is the only enclaved department of France at that time. Its prefecture was Paris and its INSEE number was 75. The Seine department was disbanded in 1968 ...

, encompassing Paris and its immediate suburbs, nearly 150,000 persons presented themselves to the police offices. The registrations were then centralized by the French police, who created, under the direction of inspector Tulard, a central filing system. According to the Dannecker report, "this filing system subdivided it into files alphabetically classed, Jews with French nationality and foreign Jews having files of different colours, and the files were also classed according to profession, nationality and street" (of residency). These files were then handed over to

section IV J Section, Sectioning or Sectioned may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Section (music), a complete, but not independent, musical idea * Section (typography), a subdivision, especially of a chapter, in books and documents ** Section sign ...

of the Gestapo, in charge of the "Jewish problem." They were then used by the Gestapo on various raids, among them the August 1941 raid in the

11th arrondissement of Paris The 11th arrondissement of Paris (''XIe arrondissement'') is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, this arrondissement is referred to as ''onzième''. The arrondissement, called Popincourt, is situated on ...

, during which 3,200 foreign Jews and 1,000 French Jews were interned in various camps, including Drancy. Along with many French police officers, André Tulard was present on the day of the inauguration of

Drancy internment camp Drancy internment camp was an assembly and detention camp for confining Jews who were later deported to the extermination camps during the German occupation of France during World War II. Originally conceived and built as a modernist urban commu ...

, which would be the last stop before

Auschwitz Auschwitz concentration camp ( (); also or ) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939) during World War II and the Holocaust. It con ...

for the Jewish people captured in France, in the huge majority by the French police itself. Tulard also participated to the

logistics Logistics is generally the detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation. In a general business sense, logistics manages the flow of goods between the point of origin and the point of consumption to meet the requirements of ...

concerning the attribution of the

yellow badge Yellow badges (or yellow patches), also referred to as Jewish badges (german: Judenstern, lit=Jew's star), are badges that Jews were ordered to wear at various times during the Middle Ages by some caliphates, at various times during the Medieva ...

s, made mandatory by the Vichy status on Jewish people. After the collapse of Vichy France and the end of the War, Tulard was one of the active collaborators with the Germans who received no punishment,Michael Curtis, ''Verdict on Vichy: power and prejudice in the Vichy France regime'', p. 356: "André Tulard (1899-1967): No punishment." and even retained his title as ''Chevalier'' (Knight) of the

. André Tulard was a diligent civil servant educated in the law. Cooperating with German officials, he oversaw the development of a registry for Jews at the Paris municipal police headquarters in fall 1940. More than 110 people, mostly women, created the cards—blue for French-born Jews and orange for the more vulnerable foreign-born Jews—and pulled the cards identifying Jews to be rounded up for deportation “to the East.” At the end of the war, French authorities suspended Tulard, but he was reinstated, perhaps helped by a petition stating that he was “never antisemitic.”

References

Sources

Maurice Rajsfus Maurice Rajsfus (9 April 1928 – 13 June 2020) was a French writer, journalist, historian and anti-establishment militant. He was the author of numerous books addressing themes such as the Jewish genocide in France, the police, and attacks on ci ...

, ''La Police de Vichy — Les forces de l'ordre françaises au service de la Gestapo, 1940/1944'', Le Cherche Midi éditeurs, 1995 (Rajsfus is a French historian, specialist of the

history of the police History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbrella term comprising past events as well ...

. He was called for during the trial of

Maurice Papon Maurice Papon (; 3 September 1910 – 17 February 2007) was a French civil servant who led the police in major prefectures from the 1930s to the 1960s, before he became a Gaullist politician. When he was secretary general for the police in B ...

). *Sonia Combe, ''Les fichiers de juifs. De la dissimulation à la désinformation'' in la revue '' Lignes'', n°23, octobre 1994, pp. 93–127

External links

France 5

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cf. « Le numéro INSEE: de la mobilisation clandestine (1940) au projet Safari (1974) », article by

Michel Louis Lévy Michel may refer to: * Michel (name), a given name or surname of French origin (and list of people with the name) * Míchel (nickname), a nickname (a list of people with the nickname, mainly Spanish footballers) * Míchel (footballer, born 1963), ...

published in issue n°86 of the ''Dossiers et recherches'' of the INED statistics institute {{DEFAULTSORT:Tulard, Andre 1899 births 1967 deaths French collaborators with Nazi Germany Holocaust perpetrators in France Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur Police misconduct in France French politicians convicted of crimes

The Tulard files (''fichier Tulard'')

See also

References

Sources

External links