Methyltestosterone, sold under the brand names Android, Metandren, and Testred among others, is an
androgen and
anabolic steroid
Anabolic steroids, also known more properly as anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS), are steroidal androgens that include natural androgens like testosterone (medication), testosterone as well as synthetic androgens that are structurally related ...
(AAS) medication which is used in the treatment of
low testosterone levels in men,
delayed puberty in boys, at low doses as a component of
menopausal hormone therapy for
menopausal symptom
Signs and symptoms are the observed or detectable signs, and experienced symptoms of an illness, injury, or condition. A sign for example may be a higher or lower temperature than normal, raised or lowered blood pressure or an abnormality showin ...
s like
hot flashes,
osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass, micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to bone fragility, and consequent increase in fracture risk. It is the most common reason for a broken bone ...
, and
low sexual desire in women, and to treat
breast cancer in women.
It is taken
by mouth or held
in the cheek or
under the tongue.
Side effects of methyltestosterone include
symptom
Signs and symptoms are the observed or detectable signs, and experienced symptoms of an illness, injury, or condition. A sign for example may be a higher or lower temperature than normal, raised or lowered blood pressure or an abnormality showin ...
s of
masculinization
Virilization or masculinization is the biological development of adult male characteristics in young males or females. Most of the changes of virilization are produced by androgens.
Virilization is most commonly used in three medical and biology ...
like
acne,
increased hair growth,
voice changes
'
A voice change or voice mutation, sometimes referred to as a voice break or voice crack, commonly refers to the deepening of the voice of men as they reach puberty. Before puberty, both sexes have roughly similar vocal pitch, but during puberty ...
, and increased
sexual desire.
It can also cause
estrogenic effects like
fluid retention,
breast tenderness, and
breast enlargement in men and
liver damage.
The drug is a
synthetic Synthetic things are composed of multiple parts, often with the implication that they are artificial. In particular, 'synthetic' may refer to:
Science
* Synthetic chemical or compound, produced by the process of chemical synthesis
* Synthetic o ...
androgen and anabolic steroid and hence is an
agonist
An agonist is a chemical that activates a receptor to produce a biological response. Receptors are cellular proteins whose activation causes the cell to modify what it is currently doing. In contrast, an antagonist blocks the action of the ago ...
of the
androgen receptor
The androgen receptor (AR), also known as NR3C4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 4), is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding any of the androgenic hormones, including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in th ...
(AR), the
biological target of androgens like
testosterone and
dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
It has moderate
androgenic effects and moderate
anabolic effects, which make it useful for producing masculinization.
Methyltestosterone was discovered in 1935 and was introduced for medical use in 1936.
It was
made
Made or MADE may refer to:
Entertainment Film
* ''Made'' (1972 film), United Kingdom
* ''Made'' (2001 film), United States Music
* ''Made'' (Big Bang album), 2016
* ''Made'' (Hawk Nelson album), 2013
* ''Made'' (Scarface album), 2007
*'' M.A.D.E. ...
shortly after the discovery of
testosterone and was one of the first synthetic AAS to be developed.
In addition to its medical use, methyltestosterone is used to
improve physique and performance, although it is not as commonly used as other AAS for such purposes due to its androgenic effects, estrogenic effects, and risk of liver damage.
The drug is a
controlled substance in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit.
Uses
Medical
Methyltestosterone is or has been used in the treatment of
delayed puberty,
hypogonadism,
cryptorchidism, and
erectile dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction (ED), also called impotence, is the type of sexual dysfunction in which the penis fails to become or stay erect during sexual activity. It is the most common sexual problem in men.Cunningham GR, Rosen RC. Overview of male ...
in males, and in low doses to treat
menopausal symptom
Menopause, also known as the climacteric, is the time in women's lives when menstrual periods stop permanently, and they are no longer able to bear children. Menopause usually occurs between the age of 47 and 54. Medical professionals often ...
s (specifically for
osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass, micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to bone fragility, and consequent increase in fracture risk. It is the most common reason for a broken bone ...
,
hot flashes, and to increase
libido and
energy),
postpartum breast pain
Breast pain is the symptom of discomfort in either one or both breasts. Pain in both breasts is often described as ''breast tenderness'', is usually associated with the menstrual period and is not serious. Pain that involves only one part of a br ...
and
engorgement
Breast engorgement occurs in the mammary glands due to expansion and pressure exerted by the synthesis and storage of breast milk. It is also a main factor in altering the ability of the infant to latch-on. Engorgement changes the shape and cu ...
, and
breast cancer in women.
It is specifically approved in the
United States for the treatment of hypogonadism and delayed puberty in males and the treatment of advanced inoperable breast cancer in females.
[https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/083976s031lbl.pdf ] It was also approved in low doses
in combination with esterified estrogens for the treatment of moderate to severe
vasomotor symptom
Signs and symptoms are the observed or detectable signs, and experienced symptoms of an illness, injury, or condition. A sign for example may be a higher or lower temperature than normal, raised or lowered blood pressure or an abnormality showin ...
s associated with
menopause in women in the United States, but this formulation was discontinued and hence is no longer used.
Methyltestosterone is less effective in inducing masculinization than testosterone, but is useful for maintaining established masculinization in adults.
The dosages of methyltestosterone used are 10 to 50 mg/day in men for common medical uses like hypogonadism and delayed puberty as well as physique- and performance-enhancing purposes and 2.5 mg/day in women for menopausal symptoms.
[http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2] Higher dosages of 50 to 200 mg/day have been used to treat women with inoperable breast cancer that has failed to respond to other therapies, although such dosages are associated with severe irreversible virilization.
Non-medical
Methyltestosterone is used for
physique- and performance-enhancing purposes by
competitive athlete
An athlete (also sportsman or sportswoman) is a person who competes in one or more sports that involve physical strength, speed, or endurance.
Athletes may be professionals or amateurs. Most professional athletes have particularly well-devel ...
s,
bodybuilders, and
powerlifters, although it is not commonly used relative to other AAS for such purposes.
Available forms
Methyltestosterone is typically used as an oral medication.
It is also available under the brand names Metandren and Oreton Methyl for use specifically by
buccal or
sublingual administration.
Methyltestosterone is available in the form of 2, 5, 10, and 25 mg oral tablets.
It was also available in combination with estrogens as
esterified estrogens/methyltestosterone (0.625 mg/1.25 mg, 1.25 mg/2.5 mg) and
conjugated estrogens/methyltestosterone
Conjugated estrogens/methyltestosterone (CEEs/MT), sold under the brand name Premarin with Methyltestosterone, is a combination of conjugated estrogens (CEEs), an estrogen, and methyltestosterone (MT), an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAR), whic ...
(0.625 mg/5.0 mg, 1.25 mg/10 mg).
Contraindications
Methyltestosterone should be used with caution in women and children, as it can cause irreversible virilization.
Due to its estrogenicity, methyltestosterone can also accelerate
epiphyseal closure
The epiphyseal plate (or epiphysial plate, physis, or growth plate) is a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone. It is the part of a long bone where new bone growth takes place; that is, the whole bone is alive, with ...
and thereby produce
short stature in children and adolescents.
It can worsen symptoms in men with
benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Methyltestosterone should not be used in men with
prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is cancer of the prostate. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancerous tumor worldwide and is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related mortality among men. The prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system that sur ...
, as androgens can accelerate
tumor progression.
The drug should be used with caution in patients with pre-existing
hepatotoxicity, due to its own potential for hepatotoxicity.
Side effects
Adverse effects of methyltestosterone include
androgenic side effects like
oily skin
The human skin is the outer covering of the body and is the largest organ of the integumentary system. The skin has up to seven layers of ectodermal tissue guarding muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs. Human skin is similar to most ...
,
acne,
seborrhea
A sebaceous gland is a microscopic exocrine gland in the skin that opens into a hair follicle to secrete an oily or waxy matter, called sebum, which lubricates the hair and skin of mammals. In humans, sebaceous glands occur in the greatest numbe ...
, increased
facial/
body hair
Body hair, or androgenic hair, is the terminal hair that develops on the human body during and after puberty. It is differentiated from the head hair and less visible vellus hair, which is much finer and lighter in color. The growth of androge ...
growth
Growth may refer to:
Biology
* Auxology, the study of all aspects of human physical growth
* Bacterial growth
* Cell growth
* Growth hormone, a peptide hormone that stimulates growth
* Human development (biology)
* Plant growth
* Secondary growth ...
,
scalp hair loss
Pattern hair loss (also known as androgenetic alopecia (AGA)) is a hair loss condition that primarily affects the top and front of the scalp. In male-pattern hair loss (MPHL), the hair loss typically presents itself as either a receding front ha ...
, increased
aggressiveness and
sex drive, and
spontaneous erection
An erection (clinically: penile erection or penile tumescence) is a physiological phenomenon in which the penis becomes firm, engorged, and enlarged. Penile erection is the result of a complex interaction of psychological, neural, vascular, a ...
s, as well as
estrogenic side effects like
breast tenderness,
gynecomastia,
fluid retention, and
edema
Edema, also spelled oedema, and also known as fluid retention, dropsy, hydropsy and swelling, is the build-up of fluid in the body's Tissue (biology), tissue. Most commonly, the legs or arms are affected. Symptoms may include skin which feels t ...
.
In women, methyltestosterone can cause partially irreversible
virilization, for instance
voice deepening,
hirsutism,
clitoromegaly,
breast atrophy
Breast atrophy is the normal or spontaneous atrophy or shrinkage of the breasts.
Breast atrophy commonly occurs in women during menopause when estrogen levels decrease. It can also be caused by hypoestrogenism and/or hyperandrogenism in women in ...
, and
muscle hypertrophy
Muscle hypertrophy or muscle building involves a hypertrophy or increase in size of skeletal muscle through a growth in size of its component cells. Two factors contribute to hypertrophy: sarcoplasmic hypertrophy, which focuses more on increase ...
, as well as
menstrual disturbances and reversible
infertility
Infertility is the inability of a person, animal or plant to reproduce by natural means. It is usually not the natural state of a healthy adult, except notably among certain eusocial species (mostly haplodiploid insects). It is the normal state ...
.
In men, the drug may also cause
hypogonadism,
testicular atrophy, and reversible infertility at sufficiently high dosages.
Methyltestosterone can sometimes cause
hepatotoxicity, for instance
elevated liver enzymes
In medicine, the presence of elevated transaminases, commonly the transaminases alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), may be an indicator of liver dysfunction. Other terms include transaminasemia, transaminitis, and elevated ...
,
cholestatic jaundice
Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and sclera due to high bilirubin levels. Jaundice in adults is typically a sign indicating the presence of underlying diseases involving abnormal heme metab ...
,
peliosis hepatis
Peliosis hepatis is an uncommon vascular condition characterised by multiple, randomly distributed, blood-filled cavities throughout the liver. The size of the cavities usually ranges between a few millimetres and 3 cm in diameter. Chapter 80 ...
,
hepatoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer in adults and is currently the most common cause of death in people with cirrhosis. HCC is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.
It occurs in t ...
s, and
hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer in adults and is currently the most common cause of death in people with cirrhosis. HCC is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.
It occurs in t ...
, with extended use.
It can also have adverse effects on the
cardiovascular system
The blood circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the entire body of a human or other vertebrate. It includes the cardiovascular system, or vascular system, tha ...
.
AAS like methyltestosterone stimulate
erythropoiesis (
red blood cell production) and increase
hematocrit levels and at high dosages can cause
polycythemia (overproduction of red blood cells), which can greatly increase the risk of
thrombic events such as
embolism and
stroke
A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain causes cell death. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. Both cause parts of the brain to stop functionin ...
.
With long-term treatment, AAS can increase the risk of
benign prostatic hyperplasia and
prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is cancer of the prostate. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancerous tumor worldwide and is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related mortality among men. The prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system that sur ...
.
Violent and even
homicidal behavior,
hypomania/
mania
Mania, also known as manic syndrome, is a mental and behavioral disorder defined as a state of abnormally elevated arousal, affect, and energy level, or "a state of heightened overall activation with enhanced affective expression together wit ...
,
depression,
suicidality,
delusions, and
psychosis have all been associated with very high dosages of AAS.
Interactions
Aromatase inhibitors can be used to reduce or prevent the
estrogenic effects of methyltestosterone and
5α-reductase inhibitor
5α-Reductases, also known as 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenases, are enzymes involved in steroid metabolism. They participate in three metabolic pathways: bile acid biosynthesis, androgen and estrogen metabolism. There are three isozymes of ...
s can be used to prevent its potentiation in so-called "androgenic" tissues and thereby improve its ratio of
anabolic to
androgenic activity and reduce its rate of androgenic
side effects.
Antiandrogens like
bicalutamide and
cyproterone acetate can block both the anabolic and androgenic effects of AAS like methyltestosterone.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
As an AAS, methyltestosterone is an
agonist
An agonist is a chemical that activates a receptor to produce a biological response. Receptors are cellular proteins whose activation causes the cell to modify what it is currently doing. In contrast, an antagonist blocks the action of the ago ...
of the
androgen receptor
The androgen receptor (AR), also known as NR3C4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 4), is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding any of the androgenic hormones, including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in th ...
(AR), similarly to
androgens like
testosterone and
dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
It is a
substrate
Substrate may refer to:
Physical layers
*Substrate (biology), the natural environment in which an organism lives, or the surface or medium on which an organism grows or is attached
** Substrate (locomotion), the surface over which an organism lo ...
for
5α-reductase
5α-Reductases, also known as 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenases, are enzymes involved in steroid metabolism. They participate in three metabolic pathways: bile acid biosynthesis, androgen and estrogen metabolism. There are three isozymes of ...
like testosterone, and so is potentiated analogously in so-called "androgenic" tissues like the
skin,
hair follicle
The hair follicle is an organ found in mammalian skin. It resides in the dermal layer of the skin and is made up of 20 different cell types, each with distinct functions. The hair follicle regulates hair growth via a complex interaction between h ...
s, and
prostate gland via
transformation
Transformation may refer to:
Science and mathematics
In biology and medicine
* Metamorphosis, the biological process of changing physical form after birth or hatching
* Malignant transformation, the process of cells becoming cancerous
* Trans ...
into the more
potent AR agonist
mestanolone
Mestanolone, also known as methylandrostanolone and sold under the brand names Androstalone and Ermalone among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is mostly no longer used. It is still available for use in Japan ...
(17α-methyl-DHT).
As such, methyltestosterone has a relatively low ratio of
anabolic to
androgenic activity, with a similar ratio to that of testosterone (close to 1:1), and this makes it among the most androgenic AAS.
Due to efficient
aromatization into the potent and
metabolism-resistant estrogen methylestradiol
Methylestradiol, sold under the brand names Ginecosid, Ginecoside, Mediol, and Renodiol, is an estrogen medication which is used in the treatment of menopausal symptoms. It is formulated in combination with normethandrone, a progestin and andr ...
(17α-methylestradiol), methyltestosterone has relatively high
estrogenicity and hence potential for
estrogenic
side effects such as
gynecomastia and
fluid retention.
The drug possesses negligible
progestogen
Progestogens, also sometimes written progestagens or gestagens, are a class of natural or synthetic steroid hormones that bind to and activate the progesterone receptors (PR). Progesterone is the major and most important progestogen in the body. ...
ic activity.
Due to its combined disadvantages of a relatively poor ratio of anabolic to androgenic activity, unusually high estrogenicity, and the potential for
hepatotoxicity (as with other 17α-alkylated AAS), methyltestosterone has not been used as commonly as many other AAS either in medicine or for physique- or performance-enhancing purposes.
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Methyltestosterone has dramatically improved
oral bioavailability and
metabolic stability
Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. More generally, xenobiotic metabolism (from the Greek xenos "stranger" and biotic "related to living beings") is the set o ...
relative to testosterone.
This difference is due to the C17α methyl group, which results in
steric hindrance and prevents
metabolism.
The oral bioavailability of methyltestosterone is about 70%, and it is
well-absorbed from the
gastrointestinal tract
The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organ (biology), organs of the digestive syste ...
.
Methyltestosterone can also be taken
buccally or
sublingually.
Although effective orally, methyltestosterone is more effective by these non-oral routes, which are said to approximately double its bioavailability and require half the oral dosage.
Circulating levels of methyltestosterone with administration of 1.25 to 2.5 mg/day oral methyltestosterone in women are in the range of 20 to 30 ng/dL.
For comparison to testosterone, methyltestosterone is at least as potent as an AAS.
However, due to the large decrease in
sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels and hence increase in free unbound testosterone caused by methyltestosterone, androgenic effects may be greater than reflected merely by methyltestosterone levels.
Distribution
Methyltestosterone is highly
protein-bound, by approximately 98%.
The medication has low but significant
affinity
Affinity may refer to:
Commerce, finance and law
* Affinity (law), kinship by marriage
* Affinity analysis, a market research and business management technique
* Affinity Credit Union, a Saskatchewan-based credit union
* Affinity Equity Partn ...
for human serum
sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), about 25% of that of testosterone and 5% of that of DHT.
Metabolism
The
biological half-life of methyltestosterone is approximately 3 hours (range 2.5–3.5 hours).
The
duration of action
Pharmacodynamics (PD) is the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs (especially pharmaceutical drugs). The effects can include those manifested within animals (including humans), microorganisms, or combinations of organisms (for ...
of methyltestosterone is said to be 1 to 3 days, and is described as relatively short among AAS.
Excretion
Methyltestosterone is
excreted
Excretion is a process in which metabolic waste
is eliminated from an organism. In vertebrates this is primarily carried out by the lungs, kidneys, and skin. This is in contrast with secretion, where the substance may have specific tasks after lea ...
90% in the
urine as
conjugates and other
metabolite
In biochemistry, a metabolite is an intermediate or end product of metabolism.
The term is usually used for small molecules. Metabolites have various functions, including fuel, structure, signaling, stimulatory and inhibitory effects on enzymes, c ...
s, and 6% in
feces
Feces ( or faeces), known colloquially and in slang as poo and poop, are the solid or semi-solid remains of food that was not digested in the small intestine, and has been broken down by bacteria in the large intestine. Feces contain a relati ...
.
Chemistry
Methyltestosterone, also known as 17α-methyltestosterone or as 17α-methylandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, is a
synthetic Synthetic things are composed of multiple parts, often with the implication that they are artificial. In particular, 'synthetic' may refer to:
Science
* Synthetic chemical or compound, produced by the process of chemical synthesis
* Synthetic o ...
,
17α-alkylated androstane steroid
A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration. Steroids have two principal biological functions: as important components of cell membranes that alter membrane fluidity; and a ...
and a
derivative of testosterone differing from it only in the presence of a methyl group at the C17α position.
Close synthetic relatives of methyltestosterone include
metandienone (17α-methyl-δ
1-testosterone) and
fluoxymesterone (9α-fluoro-11β-hydroxy-17α-methyltestosterone).
Derivatives
Methyltestosterone and
ethyltestosterone
Ethyltestosterone, or 17α-ethyltestosterone, also known as 17α-ethylandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one or 17α-pregn-4-en-17-ol-3-one, is a synthetic, orally active anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) of the 17α-alkylated group related to methylte ...
(17α-ethyltestosterone) are the
parent structures of all 17α-alkylated AAS. Major 17α-alkylated AAS include the testosterone derivatives
fluoxymesterone,
metandienone (methandrostenolone), and methyltestosterone and the DHT derivatives
oxandrolone,
oxymetholone, and
stanozolol.
Synthesis
A
chemical synthesis of methyltestosterone from
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) with
methandriol
Methandriol (brand names Anabol, Crestabolic, Cytobolin, Diandren, Durabolic, Madiol, Mestenediol, Methabolic, Methydiol, Sterabolic, Stenediol), also known as methylandrostenediol, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which was ...
as an
intermediate proceeds as follows:
History
Methyltestosterone was first
synthesized in 1935 along with
methandriol
Methandriol (brand names Anabol, Crestabolic, Cytobolin, Diandren, Durabolic, Madiol, Mestenediol, Methabolic, Methydiol, Sterabolic, Stenediol), also known as methylandrostenediol, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which was ...
and
mestanolone
Mestanolone, also known as methylandrostanolone and sold under the brand names Androstalone and Ermalone among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is mostly no longer used. It is still available for use in Japan ...
.
It was the second synthetic AAS to be developed, following
mesterolone (1α-methyl-DHT) in 1934, and was the first 17α-alkylated AAS to be synthesized.
The drug was introduced for medical use in 1936.
Society and culture
Generic names
''Methyltestosterone'' is the , , , , and of the drug and its
generic name in
English and
Japanese, while ''méthyltestostérone'' is its and
French
French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to France
** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents
** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
name and ''metiltestosterone'' is its and
Italian name.
The generic name of the drug is ''methyltestosterone'' in
Latin, ''methyltestosteron'' in
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ger ...
, and ''metiltestosterona'' in
Spanish.
Methyltestosterone is also known by its former developmental code name ''NSC-9701''.
Brand names
Brand names under which methyltestosterone is or has been marketed for medical use include Afro, Agovirin, Android, Androral, Mesteron, Metandren, Methitest, Methyltestosterone, Methyl Testosterone, Oraviron, Oreton, Oreton Methyl, Testormon, Testovis, Testred, and Virilon, among others.
With an estrogen
Methyltestosterone is available at a low-dose in combination with
esterified estrogens for the treatment of menopausal symptoms like
hot flashes in women under the brand names Covaryx, Essian, Estratest, Menogen, and Syntest.
Availability
United States
Although it is not commonly used, methyltestosterone is one of the few AAS that remains available for medical use in the
United States.
The others are
testosterone,
testosterone cypionate,
testosterone enanthate
Testosterone enanthate, sold under the brand names Delatestryl and Xyosted among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is used mainly in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men. It is also used in hormone th ...
,
testosterone undecanoate,
oxandrolone,
oxymetholone, and
fluoxymesterone.
Other countries
Methyltestosterone has also been marketed in many other countries throughout the world.
Legal status
Methyltestosterone, along with other AAS, is a
schedule III controlled substance in the
United States under the
Controlled Substances Act
The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) is the statute establishing federal government of the United States, federal drug policy of the United States, U.S. drug policy under which the manufacture, importation, possession, use, and distribution of ...
and a
schedule IV controlled substance in
Canada under the
Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.
See also
*
Esterified estrogens/methyltestosterone
*
Conjugated estrogens/methyltestosterone
Conjugated estrogens/methyltestosterone (CEEs/MT), sold under the brand name Premarin with Methyltestosterone, is a combination of conjugated estrogens (CEEs), an estrogen, and methyltestosterone (MT), an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAR), whic ...
References
Further reading
*
*
*
External links
Methyltestosterone - William Llewellyn's Anabolic.org
{{Estrogen receptor modulators
Androgens and anabolic steroids
Androstanes
Aphrodisiacs
Bodybuilding
Doping in sport
Enones
Erectile dysfunction drugs
Female sexual dysfunction drugs
Hepatotoxins
Hormonal antineoplastic drugs
Synthetic estrogens
Tertiary alcohols
Testosterone
World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances