The Andecavi (also Andicavi, Andegavi, or Andigavi) were a
Gallic tribe dwelling in
Aremorica
Armorica or Aremorica (Gaulish: ; br, Arvorig, ) is the name given in ancient times to the part of Gaul between the Seine and the Loire that includes the Brittany Peninsula, extending inland to an indeterminate point and down the Atlantic Coast ...
during the
Roman period
The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post-Roman Republic, Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings aro ...
.
Name
They are mentioned as ''Andecavi'' (
var. ''andic''-, ''andeg''-, ''andig''-) by
Pliny (1st c. AD), ''Andecavi'' and ''Andecavos'' by
Tacitus (early 2nd c. AD), ''A̓ndíkauoi'' (Ἀνδίκαυοι;
var. Ὀνδικαοῦαι, Ὠνδικαοῦαι) by
Ptolemy (2nd c. AD), and as ''Andicavos'' (
var. ''andegauus'', ''andecauos'', ''andigabos'', ''andigabus'', ''andicabos'') by
Orosius
Paulus Orosius (; born 375/385 – 420 AD), less often Paul Orosius in English, was a Roman priest, historian and theologian, and a student of Augustine of Hippo. It is possible that he was born in '' Bracara Augusta'' (now Braga, Portugal), t ...
(early 5th c. AD).
[, entry 3008.]
The etymology of the
ethnonym
An ethnonym () is a name applied to a given ethnic group. Ethnonyms can be divided into two categories: exonyms (whose name of the ethnic group has been created by another group of people) and autonyms, or endonyms (whose name is created and used ...
''Andecavī'' remains uncertain. ''Ande-'' is a
Gaulish intensifying suffix, but the interpretation of the second element is difficult. ''Andecaui'' could mean
''those of the big hollow', by deriving the name from the
Celtic
Celtic, Celtics or Keltic may refer to:
Language and ethnicity
*pertaining to Celts, a collection of Indo-European peoples in Europe and Anatolia
**Celts (modern)
*Celtic languages
**Proto-Celtic language
* Celtic music
*Celtic nations
Sports Fo ...
root ''*kuwo-'' ('hollow'; cf.
OIr. ''cúa,'' 'hollow, cavity';
Welsh ''keu'', 'hollow, closed';
OBr. ''cau'', 'closed, covered').
Pierre-Yves Lambert has also suggested a connection with a shortened form of the Celtic root ''*kawaro-'' ('hero, champion'; cf. OIr. ''cuar'' 'hero',
Middle Welsh ''cawr'' 'giant').
The city of
Angers, attested ca. 400 AD as ''civitas Andecavorum'' ('
civitas
In Ancient Rome, the Latin term (; plural ), according to Cicero in the time of the late Roman Republic, was the social body of the , or citizens, united by law (). It is the law that binds them together, giving them responsibilities () on th ...
of the Andecavi', ''Andegavis'' in 861–882, ''Angieus'' in 1127), and the region of
Anjou, attested in 767 as ''pago Andegavinse'' (''in Andecavo'' in 797, ''Anjau'' ca. 1071–1127), are named after the Gallic tribe.
Geography
The territory of the Andecavi roughly corresponded with the
diocese of Angers, Anjou, in the department
Maine-et-Loire
Maine-et-Loire () is a department in the Loire Valley in the Pays de la Loire region in Western France. It is named after the two rivers, Maine and the Loire. It borders Mayenne and Sarthe to the north, Loire-Atlantique to the west, Indre-e ...
in present-day
France. Although Caesar locates the Andes "near the
Ocean", they held no coast and were located inland along the
Loire river.
History
In Book 3 of the ''Bellum Gallicum'', Caesar says that the Andes provided winter quarters for
Publius Crassus after his
mission into Armorica, which brought several Gallic
polities into relations with Rome. Over the winter of 57–56 BC, the Romans built a fleet on the Loire under the command of
Decimus Brutus, presumably in preparation for an invasion of
Britannia, but which was instead called into action against the
Veneti when Armorican objections were raised.
The Andes, led by Dumnacus, played a significant role in the continuing war against Rome after the defeat of
Vercingetorix at
Alesia. Dumnacus's efforts are recounted by
Aulus Hirtius in his continuation of the ''Bellum Gallicum'' (Book 8), which covers the two years of the war after Caesar had declared his mission accomplished. Dumnacus lay
siege to Limonum (present-day
Poitiers
Poitiers (, , , ; Poitevin: ''Poetàe'') is a city on the River Clain in west-central France. It is a commune and the capital of the Vienne department and the historical centre of Poitou. In 2017 it had a population of 88,291. Its agglomerat ...
), an
oppidum of the
Pictones, and engaged without success the Roman relief army under the command of
Gaius Caninius Rebilus. When additional Roman forces arrived on the scene, Dumnacus was forced to lift the siege and retreat. The army of the Andes was pursued by the Romans and suffered heavy casualties. In a decisive battle the following day, the Romans killed some 12,000 men. Dumnacus escaped, and when Armorica surrendered, he went into self-imposed exile.
[ Aulus Hirtius, ''Bellum Gallicum'' 8.26–31.]
References
Bibliography
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{{Gallic peoples
Gauls
Tribes of pre-Roman Gaul
Tribes involved in the Gallic Wars
Historical Celtic peoples
Andes (Andecavi)
Armorica