Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV), or Andersen's Disease,
is a form of
glycogen storage disease, which is caused by an
inborn error of metabolism
Inborn errors of metabolism form a large class of genetic diseases involving congenital disorders of enzyme activities. The majority are due to defects of single genes that code for enzymes that facilitate conversion of various substances ( substr ...
. It is the result of a mutation in the
GBE1 gene, which causes a defect in the glycogen branching enzyme. Therefore,
glycogen is not made properly and abnormal glycogen molecules accumulate in cells; most severely in cardiac and muscle cells. The severity of this disease varies on the amount of enzyme produced. GSD IV is autosomal recessive, which means each parent has a mutant copy of the gene, but show no symptoms of the disease. It affects 1 in 800,000 individuals worldwide, with 3% of all GSDs being type IV. The disease was described and studied first by
Dorothy Hansine Andersen
Dorothy Hansine Andersen (May 15, 1901 – March 3, 1963) was an American physician, pediatrician, and pathologist who was the first person to identify cystic fibrosis, the first to describe the disease, and the one to name it. in 1939, she was a ...
.
Human pathology
It is a result of the absence of the
glycogen branching enzyme, which is critical in the production of
glycogen. This leads to very long unbranched glucose chains being stored in glycogen. The long unbranched molecules have low solubility, leading to glycogen precipitation in the liver. These deposits subsequently build up in the body tissue, especially the
heart
The heart is a muscular organ in most animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to t ...
and
liver
The liver is a major organ only found in vertebrates which performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification of the organism, and the synthesis of proteins and biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth. In humans, it ...
. The inability to break down glycogen in muscle cells causes muscle weakness. The probable result is cirrhosis and death within five years. In adults, the activity of the enzyme is higher and symptoms do not appear until later in life.
Variant types
Fatal perinatal neuromuscular type
* Excess fluid builds up around and in the body of the fetus
* Fetuses exhibit
fetal akinesia deformation sequence
* Causes decrease in fetal movement and stiffness of joints after birth
* Infants have low muscle tone and muscle wasting
* Do not survive past the newborn stage due to weakened heart and lungs
Congenital muscular type
* Develops in early infancy
* Babies have dilated cardiomyopathy, preventing the heart from pumping efficiently
* Only survive a few months
Progressive hepatic type
* Infants have difficulty gaining weight
* Develop enlarged liver and cirrhosis that is irreversible
* High BP in hepatic portal vein and buildup of fluid in the abdominal cavity
* Die of liver failure in early childhood
Non-progressive hepatic type
* Same as progressive, but liver disease is not so severe
* Do not usually develop cirrhosis
* Usually show muscle weakness and hypotonia
* Survive into adulthood
* Life expectancy varies upon symptom severity
Childhood neuromuscular type
* Develops in late childhood
* Has myopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy
* Varies greatly
* Some have mild muscle weakness
* Some have severe cardiomyopathy and die in early adulthood
Diagnosis
An assay of amylo-1,4 → 1,6 glucan transferases (which removes a block of 6 glucose residues from the 1,4 position and attaches it to the 1,6 position of the same chain)
Alternative names and related disease
Alternative names in medical literature for the disease include:
* Andersen's triad
* Glycogenosis type IV
* Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency
* Polyglucosan body disease
* Amylopectinosis
Mutations in GBE1 can also cause a milder disease in adults that is called
adult polyglucosan body disease.
In other mammals
The form in horses is known as
glycogen branching enzyme deficiency. It has been reported in
American Quarter Horses and related breeds.
The disease has been reported in the
Norwegian Forest Cat, where it causes skeletal muscle, heart, and CNS degeneration in animals greater than five months old. It has not been associated with
cirrhosis
Cirrhosis, also known as liver cirrhosis or hepatic cirrhosis, and end-stage liver disease, is the impaired liver function caused by the formation of scar tissue known as fibrosis due to damage caused by liver disease. Damage causes tissue rep ...
or liver failure.
[ "Deficiency of glycogen branching enzyme (GBE) activity causes glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV), an autosomal recessive error of metabolism. Abnormal glycogen accumulates in myocytes, hepatocytes, and neurons, causing variably progressive, benign to lethal organ dysfunctions. A naturally occurring orthologue of human GSD IV was described previously in Norwegian Forest cats (NFC)."]
References
External links
*
{{Carbohydrate metabolic pathology
Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism
Hepatology