And Still The Waters Run

Angie Elbertha Debo (January 30, 1890 – February 21, 1988),Patricia Loughlin, "Debo, Angie Elbertha"(1890–1988) ''Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture''.
Accessed January 9, 2009. was an American historian who wrote 13 books and hundreds of articles about Native American and Oklahoma history."Angie Debo, Oklahoma Historian, 98,"
''The New York Times'', February 23, 1988. After a long career marked by difficulties (ascribed both to her gender and to the controversial content of some of her books), she was acclaimed as Oklahoma's "greatest historian" and acknowledged as "an authority on Native American history, a visionary, and an historical heroine in her own right."

Biography

Early life and education

Born in Beattie, Kansas, in 1890, Angie Debo moved with her parents, Edward P. and Lina E. in a covered wagon to the Oklahoma Territory when she was nine years old. Her family settled in the rural community of Marshall, where Debo would live, on and off, for the rest of her life. She earned a teacher's certificate and began teaching when she was 16. Because Marshall did not have a high school until 1910, Debo did not receive her high school diploma until 1913, when she was 23 years old.Heather Lloyd, "Angie Debo," in David J. Wishart, ed., ''Encyclopedia of the Great Plains: A Project of the Center for Great Plains Studies'', (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004), , p. 477
excerpt available online
at Google Books

Education and early career

She soon went on to the University of Oklahoma, where she earned an A.B. degree in history in 1918. She taught history at Enid High School for four yearsAngie Debo
, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Center for Great Plains Studies before taking time to study at the University of Chicago, where she earned a master's degree in international relations in 1924. Her master's thesis (co-authored with her thesis supervisor J. Fred Rippy) was published in 1924 as part of the Smith College Studies in History, under the title ''The Historical Background of the American Policy of Isolationism''.Heather M. Lloyd
"Angie Debo Collection: A Biography of Angie Debo"
at Oklahoma State University Special Collections and Archives website. Retrieved January 9, 2009. The historian Manfred Jonas has written that this was the first "scholarly literature" on the subject of American isolationism.

Despite this early success, Debo said that she found it difficult to obtain a teaching position because most college history departments at the time would not consider hiring a woman.Gene Curtis, "Debo made her own mark in state history,"
''Tulsa World'', October 28, 2007, p. A-4. Nevertheless, from 1924 until 1933, she taught at West Texas State Teachers College in Canyon, Texas, and was curator of its Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum, while working towards a PhD in history at the University of Oklahoma, which she received in 1933.

''The Rise and Fall of the Choctaw Republic''

Debo's dissertation, published by the University of Oklahoma Press as ''The Rise and Fall of the Choctaw Republic'' (1934), examined the effects of the American Civil War on the Choctaw Tribe.Kathleen Egan Chamberlain, "Angie Debo, U.S. Historian of Native Americans" in Kelly Boyd, ed., ''Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing'' pp.291–292 (Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1999)
except available online
at Google Books. It received the John H. Dunning Prize of the American Historical Association."Angie Debo: Biography"
in Katherine Dunham, ed.
''Five Voices, One Place Educational Resource''
Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Retrieved January 9, 2009.Oklahoma Center for the Book
Ralph Ellison Award
Retrieved January 9, 2009. University of Oklahoma Press director Savoie Lottinville later described this book as a "pioneering effort" in Native American history that gave the effect of "seeing events from inside the tribe, rather than from a purely Anglo-American perspective."

''And Still the Waters Run''

Debo's next book was more controversial. Completed in 1936, ''And Still the Waters Run'' detailed how, after their forced removal from the southeastern United States, the Five Civilized Tribes were systematically deprived in Indian Territory of the lands and resources granted to them by federal treaty. Debo wrote that these treaties were supposed to protect the tribal lands "as long as the waters run, as long as the grass grows"; but, after the 1887 Dawes Act enacted a policy of private ownership that was eventually forced on the tribes, the system was manipulated by whites to swindle the Indians out of their property.Listing
for ''And Still the Waters Run'' at Princeton University Press website. Retrieved January 9, 2009. In the words of historian Ellen Fitzpatrick, Debo's book "advanced a crushing analysis of the corruption, moral depravity, and criminal activity that underlay white administration and execution of the allotment policy."Ellen Fitzpatrick, '' History's Memory: Writing America's Past, 1880–1980'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004), , p. 133
excerpt available online
at Google Books.

Debo's charges were controversial; and many of the actors were still alive. The book's conclusions were strongly resisted by some parties. The University of Oklahoma Press withdrew as publisher, and Debo's academic career was sidetracked. She took a position writing for the Federal Writers Project in Oklahoma during the Great Depression, but her work for the travel guide, ''Oklahoma: A Guide to the Sooner State,'' was extensively revised without her permission.

''And Still the Waters Run: The Betrayal of the Five Civilized Tribes'' was finally published in 1940 by Princeton University Press. Joseph A. Brandt, the former director of the University of Oklahoma Press, had moved to Princeton and published the book there. The seminal book is now described as a classic and a major influence on writers of Native American history, from Oliver LaFarge to Vine Deloria, Jr. and Larry McMurtry.

Later career

Debo "never found a permanent position in an academic history department." For a time after publication of ''And Still the Waters Run'', she was barred from teaching in Oklahoma.Mimi Coughlin
"Women and History: Outside the Academy,"
''The History Teacher'', Vol 40, no. 4, p. 474 (August 2007). But, in her later years she received increasing acclaim and recognition. Her work was seen as a rebuttal to the Frontier Thesis of Frederick Jackson Turner, presenting a history of westward expansion based not on the ideal of manifest destiny but on the exploitation of the Native Americans. She was a lifelong Democrat, and said Henry Bellmon was the only Republican ever to receive her vote. Debo served on the board of directors of the Association on American Indian Affairs, and of the Oklahoma chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union.

She also continued to publish extensively. She wrote one novel, ''Prairie City, the Story of an American Community'' (1944), based on the history of her hometown Marshall. She finished her last history book
''Geronimo: The Man, His Time, His Place''
at the age of 85, and it was first published by University of Oklahoma Press in 1976. It has been reissued in new editions.

Honors and legacy

*Her last book received a Western Wrangler award from the National Cowboy Hall of Fame and Western Heritage Center (now called the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum).
*Debo was inducted into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame in 1950.
*She was inducted into the Oklahoma Women's Hall of Fame in 1984.
*She received honorary degrees from Wake Forest University and Phillips University.
*She received awards from the American Historical Association, Western History Association, American Indian Historians Association, and American Association for State and Local History, among many others.Heather M. Lloyd
Angie Debo Collection: Chronology of Angie Debo's Life
at Oklahoma State University Special Collections and Archives website. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
*1985, the State of Oklahoma commissioned an official portrait of Debo by artist Charles Banks Wilson; it was placed in the rotunda of the Oklahoma State Capitol building in Oklahoma City.
*1987 – The American Historical Association gave her its Award for Scholarly Distinction. Governor Henry Bellmon presented this award to her at a January 1988 ceremony in Marshall.
*1988 - Profiled in the first season of the PBS documentary series American Experience.

Debo died a few weeks later, on February 21, 1988, at the age of 98. She left her papers, books, and literary rights to Oklahoma State University, where she had worked as a librarian and researcher.

Posthumous recognition

*1994, Edmond Public Schools named an elementary school after her.
*1997 – Debo received the Ralph Ellison Award from the Oklahoma Center for the Book.
*She is one of the 21 Oklahoma writers featured on the state's official ''Literary Map of Oklahoma''.
*1988 – Debo was the subject of an episode entitled "Indians, Outlaws, and Angie Debo", of the PBS series ''The American Experience''.
*2000 – The University of Oklahoma Press published a biography of Debo written by Shirley A. Leckie and entitled ''Angie Debo: Pioneering Historian.''
*Her work has been the subject of numerous monographs and articles."Critical Annotated Bibliography about Angie Debo's Work"
in Katherine Dunham, ed.
''Five Voices, One Place Educational Resource''
Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Retrieved January 9, 2009.Linda W. Reese, "Petticoat Historians," in Davis D. Joyce and Fred R. Harris, eds., ''Alternative Oklahoma'' (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007),
excerpt available online
at Google Books.
*2007 – In his inaugural address, Oklahoma Governor Brad Henry called Debo "our state's greatest historian." He quoted Debo's 1949 observation about Oklahoma's unusual history:

*2010 – The Stillwater Public Library in Stillwater, Oklahoma, dedicated a bronze statue of Angie Debo on Nov 18, 2010. Created by local artist, Phyllis Mantik, the statue depicts a young Angie Debo sitting on a rock with several books by her side. The artist chose the young Debo to focus on her character and highlight that at an early age, she chose the life of a scholar rather than what was expected of a woman of her time. To symbolize the importance of Debo's work to Oklahoma's Native American tribes, the base of the statue has replicas of the seals of Oklahoma's 38 federally recognized Native American tribes. The state seal of Oklahoma is located at the top of the base. Near the statue is a plaque describing Angie Debo's life and her importance to the community, the state and the nation.

Bibliography

Books written by Debo

Following is a list of books written by Angie Debo. Works she edited are listed in the next section below:"Works by Angie Debo"
in Katherine Dunham, ed.
''Five Voices, One Place Educational Resource''
Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
*''The Historical Background of the American Policy of Isolation'', by J. Fred Rippy & Angie Debo (Northampton, Mass.: Smith College Studies in History, 1924).
*''The Rise and Fall of the Choctaw Republic'' (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1934, 2nd edition, 1961), .
*''And Still the Waters Run: The Betrayal of the Five Civilized Tribes'' (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1940; new edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984), .
*''The Road to Disappearance: A History of the Creek Indians'' (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1941; new edition, 1979), .
*''Tulsa: From Creek Town to Oil Capital'' (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1943).
*Novel: ''Prairie City: The Story of an American Community'' (New York: Knopf, 1944; new edition, Tulsa: Council Oak Books, 1986; new edition, Norman: University Press of Oklahoma, 1998), .
*''Oklahoma: Foot-Loose and Fancy-Free.'' Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1949; new edition, 1987, .
*''The Five Civilized Tribes of Oklahoma: A Report on Social and Economic Conditions'' (Philadelphia: Indian Rights Association, 1951).
''A History of the Indians of the United States''
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970), , (new edition, 2013), available online at Googlebooks.

(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976/1982), , almost all available online at Googlebooks.

Books edited by Debo

*''Oklahoma: A Guide to the Sooner State'', edited by Angie Debo and John M. Oskison (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1941).
*''The Cowman's Southwest: Being the Reminiscences of Oliver Nelson, Freighter, Camp Cook, Cowboy, Frontiersman in Kansas, Indian Territory, Texas, and Oklahoma, 1878–1893,'' by Oliver Nelson, edited by Angie Debo, The Western Frontiersman Series, 4 (Glendale, Ca.: A.H. Clark Co., 1953; new edition, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986), .
*''History of the Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Natchez Indians,'' by Horatio B. Cushman, edited by Angie Debo (Stillwater, Ok.: Redlands Press, 1962; new edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999), .
*''With Five Reservations'', by Dell O'Hara, edited by Angie Debo and Harold H. Leake (Aurora, Mo.: Creekside Publications, 1986).

See also

* Timothy H. Ball
* William Bartram
* Daniel Boone
* Cyrus Byington
* Horatio B. Cushman
* Henry S. Halbert
* Gideon Lincecum
* John R. Swanton

References

External links

Angie Debo Correspondence
at the Newberry Library

''Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture'' – Debo, Angie

Angie Debo's Find A Grave Website

Voices of Oklahoma interview with Patricia Loughlin about Angie Debo conducted on March 24, 2017.
Also included are recordings of Angie Debo speaking in chapters 17–21. Original audio and transcript archived with Voices of Oklahoma oral history project.
Oklahoma Hall of Fame Biography of Angie DeboThe Angie Debo Collection at the Oklahoma State University Library ArchivesThe Angie Debo Photo Collection at the Oklahoma State University Library Archives

{{DEFAULTSORT:Debo, Angie
1890 births
1988 deaths
20th-century American historians
20th-century American women writers
American members of the Churches of Christ
American Methodists
American women historians
Cowgirl Hall of Fame inductees
Historians of Native Americans
Historians of Oklahoma
Historians of the American West
Oklahoma Democrats
People from Logan County, Oklahoma
People from Marshall County, Kansas
University of Chicago alumni
University of Oklahoma alumni
Writers from Enid, Oklahoma