''Anaplasma bovis'' is gram negative, obligate intracellular organism, which can be found in wild and domestic ruminants, and potentially a wide variety of other species. It is one of the last species of the Family Anaplasmaceae (formerly Ehrlichiaceae) to be formally described. It preferentially infects host monocytes, and is often diagnosed via blood smears, PCR, and ELISA. ''A. bovis'' is not currently considered zoonotic, and does not frequently cause serious clinical disease in its host (although clinical disease has been noted in calves). This organism is transmitted by tick vectors, so tick bite prevention is the mainstay of ''A. bovis'' control, although clinical infections can be treated with tetracyclines. This organism has a global distribution, with infections noted in many areas, including Korea, Japan, Europe, Brazil, Africa, and North America.

History and Taxonomy

The clinical syndrome which is now linked to members of the genus Anaplasma have been reported since 1780, although at the time, the actual pathogenic agent was not yet known. In the early 1900s, many other members of this genus were described and determined to be the causative agent of Anaplasmosis in a wide variety of domestic and wildlife species''. Anaplasma bovis'' itself, was first identified in 1936, in cattle hosts. With the development of more sensitive molecular methods, there has been a drastic reorganization in the taxonomic classifications of Rickettsial organisms within the past 20 years. Generally, these organisms are grouped according to morphology, ecology, epidemiology, and clinical characteristics. Under the previous taxonomic organization, the order contained 2 families; Family Rickettsialaceae, and Family Ehrlicheae. In the dramatic reorganization that occurred in 2001, the family Ehrlichiaceae was replaced by family Anaplasmaceae, and via molecular phylogenetic analyses, the genera within these classes were redistributed based on genetic similarities. The current taxonomic organization includes the Genera Anaplasama, Ehrlichia, Wolbachia, and Neorickettsia within the Family Anaplasmaceae, and the Genera Rickettsia and Orientia within the Family Rickettsiaceae. ''Anaplasma bovis'' is currently one of 6 recognized species within the Genus Anaplasma. Other members of this genus include the species ''A. phagocytophilum'', ''A. marginale'', ''A. platys'', ''A. ovis'', and ''A. centrale''

Morphological Characteristics

Monocytes, a type of white blood cell (Giemsa stained)

''Anaplasma bovis'' is a gram negative obligate intracellular bacteria.Liu, Z., Ma, M., Wang, Z., Wang, J., Peng, Y., Li, Y., Guan, G., Luo, J., & Yin, H. (2012). Molecular survey and genetic identification of Anaplasma species in goats from central and southern China. ''Applied and environmental microbiology'', ''78''(2), 464–470. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.06848-11 The bacteria lives within the mononuclear cells of cattle, specifically monocytes. When the bacteria is suspected you can take a blood smear and observe the cells for presence of ''A. bovis'' within. Commonly observed forms on a blood smear are small spherical bodies within monocytes that can measure from 0.5 to 6 μm.Prasath, N. B., Selvaraj, J., Jeyathilakan, N., Saravanan, M., Saravanan, M., Ahamad, D. B., and Sasikala, M. 2016. Occurrence of Anaplasma bovis (Ehrlichia bovis) with varying morphology in a crossbred cow in Tamilnadu, India. ''Indian J. Vet. Pathol''. 40(2): 165-167. The morulae have acidophilic shades including pale red, dark purple, light purple and pink. A study by Prasath, N.B. et, al. showed that about 80% of monocytes contained inclusion bodies in an infected Jersey cow.

Epidemiology

Geographic Distribution

''Anaplasma bovis'' has a large geographic distribution affecting many different countries across the world. It has been detected in Brazil, North America, Africa, Japan, China, Pakistan, Israel and Korea. ''Anaplasma bovis'' has the highest reporting in cattle, goats, and wild deer. Cattle and Buffalo have been infected by ''A. bovis'' in Africa, South America, the Middle East and Japan. Geographic distribution is largely influenced by season, climate and weather due to changes in tick population and distribution. ''A. bovis'' has been found across the world in many different countries, having a significant impact on animal production and the health of wildlife species. Research is limited on the prevalence and geographic distribution of ''A. bovis'' within specific countries, so provides an area for further development within the literature. North Africa DNA of ''A. bovis'' has been reported in domestic species such as cattle, sheep and goats. The highest infection rate of ''A. bovis'' in North Africa is reported in sheep at 42.7% of the population. Japan and Korea ''Anaplasma bovis'' has also been detected in deer from Japan and Korea. Research on the Japanese islands of Hokkaido and Honshu has shown the prevalence of ''A. bovis'' in ''Hemaphysalis longicornis'' ticks on Honshu island. Detection of ''A. bovis'' DNA was also found from blood samples of native wild deer on both islands. ''Anaplasma bovis'' has also been detected in dogs and cats in Japan. China and Taiwan Research has shown that ''A. bovis'' has been detected in areas of China. A study done in Chongqing, China determined that the prevalence of ''A. bovis'' within a sample population was 8.4% using blood sample collection and DNA extraction. ''A. bovis'' has also been detected in small mammals in Taiwan. Canada Although further research must be done to determine the prevalence of ''A. bovis'' in Canada, the bacteria has been isolated from ''D. andersoni'' type ticks in Southern Saskatchewan and Alberta. Israel Research regarding the distribution of many tick vector pathogens in Israel has shown that ''A. bovis'' can be isolated from ''R. sanguineus'' and ''R. turanicus'' ticks. Pakistan ''Anaplasma bovis'' was isolated in asymptomatic tick infested cattle by taking blood samples, detecting the presence of ''Anaplasma'' by PCR methods and then analyzing the positive samples for differences in genetics. The prevalence of ''A.bovis'' within the sample population was 7.78%.

Transmission and Risk Factors

''Anaplasma bovis'' is spread from host to host by tick vectors, specifically from the genera ''Ixodes, Dermacentor, Rhipicephalus'', and ''Amblyomma''. The tick consumes a blood meal from an infected cattle host, taking up the bacteria. ''A. bovis'' can then be transmitted to a different animal when the tick goes on to take another blood meal from a susceptible bovine. In assessing risk factors for infection with ''Anaplasma'', it was found that breed, location, sex, and season impact prevalence rates. Exotic goat breeds were found to have higher prevalence rates when compared to indigenous breeds. In the summer, cattle and sheep have greater infections, compared to goats having greater infections in autumn. Further, it was found that goats in a sub-humid area had significantly greater infections, and prevalence rate varied with differences in goat and sheep flocks.

Virulence Factors

As an obligate intracellular pathogen, ''A. bovis'' exhibits cell and tissue tropism by preferentially infecting monocytes. However, more specific virulence factors have not been identified, and presentation of ''A. bovis'' in monocytes can vary.

Clinical Significance

Cattle

Infection with ''Anaplasma bovis'' causes a disease known as monocytic anaplasmosis in cattle. Infection is characterized by invasion of the organism into white blood cells called monocytes. Infection with ''A. bovis'' in cattle is considered to be asymptomatic in most cases. The OIE reports that ''A. bovis'' does not cause disease, however case reports of clinical illness do exist. Clinical disease is most likely to be detected in calves. Clinically apparent infection manifests as a febrile illness with enlarged prescapular lymph nodes, mucous discharge, and pale mucous membranes. Anaplasmosis is also known to be a production limiting disease resulting in decreased milk production and weight loss. Other species of ''Anaplasma,'' most commonly ''A. marginale'', are well documented to cause disease in cattle.

Other species

''Anaplasma'' species typically infect ruminants. ''A. bovis'' may also infect various types of deer, buffalo, goats, cottontail rabbits, racoons, and dogs. There is a case report in the literature of infection with ''A. bovis'' in a horse. The horse presented with anorexia, low body condition, lethargy, and was febrile. ''A. bovis'' is not known to be transmissible to people and as such does not have zoonotic potential. DNA fragments of A. bovis have also been reported to be found in deer, raccoons, dogs, domestic cats, Hokkaido brown bear, and wildcats in Japan.

Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment

Diagnosis of ''Anaplasma'' infections relies mainly on visual inspection of blood smears along with molecular methods such as PCR and ELISA. On blood smears, bacterial inclusions within monocytes may be visible. Live vaccines against other species of ''Anaplasma'' exist, however due to the low pathogenicity of ''A. bovis'', there is no specific vaccine for this species. Prevention of tick bites using environmental control and parasiticides helps to prevent transmission of the organism. Tetracycline antibiotics are typically used to treat clinical anaplasmosis.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q4751572 Rickettsiales Bacteria described in 2001