''Amolops'' (commonly known as cascade frogs or sucker frogs) is a genus of true frogs ( family Ranidae) native mainly to eastern and south-eastern Asia. These frogs are closely related to such genera as '' Huia'', ''

Meristogenys ''Meristogenys'' is a genus of true frogs from Borneo. Its tadpoles are adapted to fast-flowing mountain streams and easily recognizable by their divided upper lip with ribs on the outside.Stuart (2008) Taxonomy and systematics Its closest livin ...

'', '' Odorrana'', ''

Pelophylax ''Pelophylax'' is a genus of true frogs widespread in Eurasia, with a few species ranging into northern Africa. This genus was erected by Leopold Fitzinger in 1843 to accommodate the green frogs of the Old World, which he considered distinct fro ...

'' and ''

Rana Rana may refer to: Astronomy * Rana (crater), a crater on Mars * Delta Eridani or Rana, a star People, groups and titles * Rana (name), a given name and surname (including a list of people and characters with the name) * Rana (title), a histori ...

'', but still form a distinct lineage among the core

radiation In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium. This includes: * ''electromagnetic radiation'', such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visi ...

of true frogs.Cai ''et al.'' (2007), Stuart (2008) They are commonly known as "

torrent frog Torrent frogs are a number of unrelated frogs that prefer to inhabit small rapid-flowing mountain or hill streams with a lot of torrents. They are generally smallish neobatrachians with a greyish-brown and usually darkly mottled back, giving them e ...

s" after their favorite habitat - small rapid-flowing mountain and hill streams - but this name is used for many similar-looking frogs regardless of whether they are loosely related. Several species are highly convergent with other Ranidae "torrent frogs". '' A. archotaphus'' and its relatives for example very much resemble ''

Odorrana livida ''Odorrana livida'', also known as the green mountain frog, green cascade frog, Tenasserim frog, bright frog, large odorous frog, or large-eared rock frog, is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It is known with certainty only from its neot ...

''. In another incidence of convergent evolution yielding

adaptation In biology, adaptation has three related meanings. Firstly, it is the dynamic evolutionary process of natural selection that fits organisms to their environment, enhancing their evolutionary fitness. Secondly, it is a state reached by the po ...

to habitat, the tadpoles of ''Amolops'', ''Huia'', ''Meristogenys'' as well as ''

Rana sauteri ''Rana sauteri'' is a species of true frog endemic to Taiwan. It inhabits low-altitude hill forests and the associated streams. It is an endangered species threatened by habitat loss due to agriculture and infrastructure development. Common nam ...

'' have a raised and usually well-developed sucker on their belly. This is useful in keeping in place in rocky torrents, where these frogs grow up. But as ''Odorrana'' and '' Staurois'' from comparable habitat prove, this sucker is by no means a necessity and other means of adaptation to torrent habitat exist.Stuart (2008)

Species

The delimitation of this genus has proven complicated, with many species believed to belong elsewhere. Due to the degree of convergent evolution,

DNA sequence DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Th ...

studies are very helpful in assigning species to the genera, though the possibility of past

hybrid Hybrid may refer to: Science * Hybrid (biology), an offspring resulting from cross-breeding ** Hybrid grape, grape varieties produced by cross-breeding two ''Vitis'' species ** Hybridity, the property of a hybrid plant which is a union of two dif ...

ization cannot be discounted in Ranidae. New species are described on a regular basis. At least one undescribed species is known to exist, a very distinct form from Phetchaburi in Thailand that is possibly closer to '' A. marmoratus'' than to most others.Cai ''et al.'' (2007) * ''

Amolops afghanus ''Amolops'' (commonly known as cascade frogs or sucker frogs) is a genus of true frogs (family Ranidae) native mainly to eastern and south-eastern Asia. These frogs are closely related to such genera as '' Huia'', ''Meristogenys'', ''Odorrana ...

'' (Günther, 1858) * ''

Amolops akhaorum ''Amolops akhaorum'' is a species of true frogs (family Ranidae) discovered in 2007 in the Nam Ha National Protected Area, north-western Laos. It is still only known from its type locality. The specific name ''akhaorum'' refers to the local Ak ...

'' Stuart, Bain, Phimmachak, and Spence, 2010 * ''

Amolops albispinus ''Amolops'' (commonly known as cascade frogs or sucker frogs) is a genus of true frogs (family Ranidae) native mainly to eastern and south-eastern Asia. These frogs are closely related to such genera as '' Huia'', ''Meristogenys'', ''Odorrana ...

'' Sung, Hu, Wang, Liu, and Wang, 2016 * ''

Amolops aniqiaoensis ''Amolops aniqiaoensis'', commonly known as the Aniqiao torrent frog, is a species of frog in the family Ranidae that is endemic to China. It is only known from the vicinity of its type locality, Aniqiao (阿尼桥) in Mêdog County in the sout ...

'' Dong, Rao, and Lü, 2005 * ''

Amolops archotaphus ''Amolops archotaphus'', also known as the Doi Inthanon rock frog (Doi Inthanon mountain being its type locality), is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It is endemic to Chiang Mai Province in northwestern Thailand, although its range mi ...

'' (Inger and Chan-ard, 1997) * ''

Amolops assamensis ''Amolops assamensis'' is a species of frogs that was discovered in 2008 in Mayeng Hill Reserve Forest, Kamrup District, Assam in north-eastern India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is th ...

'' Sengupta ''et al''., 2008 * '' Amolops australis'' Chan, Abraham, Grismer, and Grismer, 2018 * '' Amolops bellulus'' Liu, Yang, Ferraris, and Matsui, 2000 * ''

Amolops caelumnoctis ''Amolops'' (commonly known as cascade frogs or sucker frogs) is a genus of true frogs (family Ranidae) native mainly to eastern and south-eastern Asia. These frogs are closely related to such genera as '' Huia'', ''Meristogenys'', ''Odorrana ...

'' Rao and Wilkinson, 2007 * ''

Amolops chakrataensis ''Amolops chakrataensis'', also known as the Dehradun stream frog or Chakrata torrent frog, is a species of frog endemic to India. It is only known from its type locality near Chakrata in Uttarakhand (formerly Uttar Pradesh), near the Tiger Fal ...

'' Ray, 1992 * '' Amolops chayuensis'' Sun, Luo, Sun, and Zhang, 2013 * ''

Amolops chunganensis ''Amolops chunganensis'' (common names: Chungan sucker frog, Chungan torrent frog) is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. Its type locality, Kuatun village (Guadun in modern spelling) in Wuyishan, Fujian. It is endemic to central, southe ...

'' (Pope, 1929) * ''

Amolops compotrix ''Amolops'' (commonly known as cascade frogs or sucker frogs) is a genus of true frogs (family Ranidae) native mainly to eastern and south-eastern Asia. These frogs are closely related to such genera as '' Huia'', ''Meristogenys'', ''Odorrana ...

'' (Bain, Stuart, and Orlov, 2006) * ''

Amolops cremnobatus ''Amolops cremnobatus'' is a species of frogs in the family Ranidae. It is found in north-central Laos and Vietnam. Its range might extend into Thailand. The specific name ''cremnobatus'' is derived from Greek ''kremnobates'', meaning "frequent ...

'' Inger and Kottelat, 1998 * ''

Amolops cucae ''Amolops'' (commonly known as cascade frogs or sucker frogs) is a genus of true frogs (family Ranidae) native mainly to eastern and south-eastern Asia. These frogs are closely related to such genera as '' Huia'', ''Meristogenys'', ''Odorrana ...

'' (Bain, Stuart, and Orlov, 2006) * ''

Amolops daiyunensis ''Amolops'' (commonly known as cascade frogs or sucker frogs) is a genus of true frogs (family (biology), family Ranidae) native mainly to eastern and south-eastern Asia. These frogs are closely related to such genera as ''Huia (frog), Huia'', ...

'' (Liu & Hu, 1975) * ''

Amolops daorum ''Amolops daorum'' is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It is known from its type locality in the vicinity of Sa Pa in northern Vietnam near the Chinese border, Hong Kong, and Houaphanh Province in eastern Laos; presumably it also occ ...

'' (Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov, and Ho, 2003) * ''

Amolops formosus ''Amolops formosus'', also known as Assam sucker frog, beautiful stream frog, Assam cascade frog, or hill stream frog, is a species of frog found in high gradient streams of northern India, northern Bangladesh, and Nepal, possibly also Bhutan, al ...

'' (Günther, 1876) * ''

Amolops gerbillus ''Amolops gerbillus'' is a species of frog found in Asia. It is native to northern and northeastern India, Tibet (China), and Myanmar, and possibly to Bhutan and Nepal Nepal (; ne, नेपाल ), formerly the Federal Democratic Repu ...

'' (Annandale, 1912) * ''

Amolops gerutu ''Amolops'' (commonly known as cascade frogs or sucker frogs) is a genus of true frogs ( family Ranidae) native mainly to eastern and south-eastern Asia. These frogs are closely related to such genera as '' Huia'', ''Meristogenys'', '' Odorr ...

'' Chan, Abraham, Grismer, and Grismer, 2018 * ''

Amolops granulosus ''Amolops granulosus'' is a species of frog in the family Ranidae that is endemic to China. Its natural habitats are temperate forests and rivers. It is not considered threatened by the IUCN The International Union for Conservation of Natur ...

'' (Liu and Hu, 1961) * ''

Amolops hainanensis ''Amolops hainanensis'' is a species of frog in the family Ranidae that is endemic to southwestern and central Hainan, China. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss ...

'' (Boulenger, 1900) * ''

Amolops himalayanus ''Amolops himalayanus'' (Himalaya sucker frog, Himalaya cascade frog, or Himalaya frog) is a species of frog found in northeastern India and Nepal. Whether this species is distinct from ''Amolops formosus'' is still debated. For example, the mos ...

'' (Boulenger, 1888) * '' Amolops hongkongensis'' (Pope and Romer, 1951) –

Hong Kong Cascade Frog Hong Kong cascade frog or Hong Kong torrent frog (''Amolops hongkongensis'') is a species of true frog from southern coastal China, once thought to be endemic to Hong Kong. Their eggs are laid on rock faces in the splash zones of cascades. In Hong ...

* ''

Amolops indoburmanensis ''Amolops'' (commonly known as cascade frogs or sucker frogs) is a genus of true frogs (family Ranidae) native mainly to eastern and south-eastern Asia. These frogs are closely related to such genera as '' Huia'', ''Meristogenys'', ''Odorrana ...

'' Dever, Fuiten, Konu, and Wilkinson, 2012 * ''

Amolops iriodes ''Amolops iriodes'' is a species of frog in the family Ranidae that is endemic to Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, and intermittent freshwater marshes. It is threatened by habitat loss ...

'' (Bain and Nguyen, 2004) * ''

Amolops jaunsari ''Amolops jaunsari'', also known as the Jaunsar stream frog or Jaunsar's torrent frog, is a species of frog endemic to India. It is only known from its type locality near Chakrata in Uttarakhand (formerly Uttar Pradesh). It was described b ...

'' Ray, 1992 * '' Amolops jinjiangensis'' Su, Yang, and Li, 1986 * '' Amolops kaulbacki'' (Smith, 1940) * '' Amolops kohimaensis'' Biju, Mahony, and Kamei, 2010 * ''

Amolops larutensis ''Amolops larutensis'' (common names: Larut sucker frog, Larut Hill cascade frog, southern pad-discked frog) is a species of frog in the family Ranidae that is found in the Malay Peninsula from southernmost Thailand to Malaysia; records further ...

'' (Boulenger, 1899) * '' Amolops lifanensis'' (Liu, 1945) * ''

Amolops loloensis ''Amolops loloensis'' is a species of frog in the family Ranidae that is found in southern and western Sichuan and one locality in north-central Yunnan, China. Its natural habitats are small mountain streams in forests and grasslands. It is thre ...

'' (Liu, 1950) * ''

Amolops longimanus ''Amolops longimanus'' is a species of frog in the family Ranidae that is found in Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English althou ...

'' (Andersson, 1939) * ''

Amolops mantzorum ''Amolops mantzorum'', commonly known as the Sichuan torrent frog or Kangting sucker frog, is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It is found in Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan Yunnan , () is a landlocked Provinces of China, province in ...

'' (David, 1872) * ''

Amolops marmoratus ''Amolops marmoratus'' is a species of ranid frog found in Asia. Its common names include marbled sucker frog, marbled cascade frog, Pegu torrent frog, and many others. The taxonomic status of many populations formerly assigned to this species is ...

'' (Blyth, 1855) * '' Amolops medogensis'' Li and Rao, 2005 * '' Amolops mengdingensis'' Yu, Wu, and Yang, 2019 * ''

Amolops mengyangensis ''Amolops mengyangensis'' is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It is known with certainty only from its type locality, the eponymous Mengyang in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, southern Yunnan province of China. However, if '' A ...

'' Wu and Tian, 1995 * ''

Amolops minutus ''Amolops'' (commonly known as cascade frogs or sucker frogs) is a genus of true frogs (family Ranidae) native mainly to eastern and south-eastern Asia. These frogs are closely related to such genera as '' Huia'', ''Meristogenys'', ''Odorrana ...

'' Orlov and Ho, 2007 * ''

Amolops monticola ''Amolops monticola'' is a species of frog in the family Ranidae, the " true frogs". It is found in the Northeast India, eastern Nepal, and western China (Tibet, Yunnan), although there is some uncertainty regarding the Chinese records. It probab ...

'' (Anderson, 1871) * ''

Amolops nidorbellus ''Amolops'' (commonly known as cascade frogs or sucker frogs) is a genus of true frogs (family Ranidae) native mainly to eastern and south-eastern Asia. These frogs are closely related to such genera as '' Huia'', ''Meristogenys'', ''Odorrana ...

'' Biju, Mahony, and Kamei, 2010 * '' Amolops nyingchiensis'' Jiang, Wang, Xie, Jiang, and Che, 2016 * '' Amolops ottorum'' Pham, Sung, Pham, Le, Ziegler, and Nguyen, 2019 * '' Amolops pallasitatus'' Qi, Zhou, Lyu, Lu, and Li, 2019 * ''

Amolops panhai ''Amolops panhai'', commonly known as the peninsular torrentfrog, is a species of true frog that can be found in western and peninsular Thailand and in eastern Myanmar. It is associated with streams and waterfalls in moist lowland forests. Its ...

'' Matsui & Nabhitabhata, 2006 * '' Amolops ricketti'' (Boulenger, 1899) * ''

Amolops shuichengicus ''Amolops shuichengicus'', the Shuicheng torrent frog, is a species of true frog from China. Description The SVL of males is 35–40 mm (1.38–1.57 in) and 49–56 mm (1.93–2.20 in) in females. The dorsal side is brown with some green spo ...

'' Lyu and Wang, 2019 * '' Amolops sinensis'' Lyu, Wang, and Wang, 2019 * ''

Amolops spinapectoralis ''Amolops spinapectoralis'' is a species of frog in the family Ranidae, the "true frogs". It is at present only known from a few locations in central Vietnam—that is, it is endemic to Vietnam—but it is likely to be found more widely in the ...

'' Inger, Orlov, and Darevsky, 1999 * ''

Amolops splendissimus ''Amolops'' (commonly known as cascade frogs or sucker frogs) is a genus of true frogs (family Ranidae) native mainly to eastern and south-eastern Asia. These frogs are closely related to such genera as '' Huia'', ''Meristogenys'', ''Odorrana ...

'' Orlov and Ho, 2007 * '' Amolops torrentis'' (Smith, 1923) * '' Amolops tuberodepressus'' Liu and Yang, 2000 * ''

Amolops viridimaculatus ''Amolops viridimaculatus'', also known as green-spotted torrent frog, Dahaoping sucker frog, and Dahaoping cascade frog, is a species of frog found in Yunnan, China, northern Vietnam, northern Myanmar, and Nagaland, Northeast India; it is also e ...

'' (Jiang, 1983) * ''

Amolops vitreus ''Amolops'' (commonly known as cascade frogs or sucker frogs) is a genus of true frogs ( family Ranidae) native mainly to eastern and south-eastern Asia. These frogs are closely related to such genera as '' Huia'', ''Meristogenys'', '' Odorr ...

'' (Bain, Stuart, and Orlov, 2006) * ''

Amolops wenshanensis ''Amolops'' (commonly known as cascade frogs or sucker frogs) is a genus of true frogs ( family Ranidae) native mainly to eastern and south-eastern Asia. These frogs are closely related to such genera as '' Huia'', ''Meristogenys'', '' Odorr ...

'' Yuan, Jin, Li, Stuart, and Wu, 2018 * '' Amolops wuyiensis'' (Liu and Hu, 1975) * '' Amolops xinduqiao'' Fei, Ye, Wang, and Jiang, 2017 * ''

Amolops yatseni ''Amolops'' (commonly known as cascade frogs or sucker frogs) is a genus of true frogs (family Ranidae) native mainly to eastern and south-eastern Asia. These frogs are closely related to such genera as '' Huia'', ''Meristogenys'', ''Odorrana ...

'' Lyu, Wang, and Wang, 2019 * ''

Amolops yunkaiensis ''Amolops'' (commonly known as cascade frogs or sucker frogs) is a genus of true frogs (family Ranidae) native mainly to eastern and south-eastern Asia. These frogs are closely related to such genera as '' Huia'', ''Meristogenys'', ''Odorrana ...

'' Lyu, Wang, Liu, Zeng, and Wang, 2018

Footnotes

References

* (2007): Paraphyly of Chinese ''Amolops'' (Anura, Ranidae) and phylogenetic position of the rare Chinese frog, ''Amolops tormotus''. '' Zootaxa'' 1531: 49–55
PDF abstract and first page text
* (2008): The phylogenetic problem of ''Huia'' (Amphibia: Ranidae). '' Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.'' 46(1): 49–60. (HTMl abstract) Amphibian genera Frogs of Asia Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope {{Ranidae-stub