Ambracia (; grc-gre, Ἀμβρακία, occasionally , ''Ampracia'') was a city of
ancient Greece
Ancient Greece ( el, Ἑλλάς, Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity ( AD 600), that comprised a loose collection of cult ...
on the site of modern
Arta Arta, ARTA, or Artà may refer to:
Places Djibouti
* Arta, Djibouti, a regional capital city in southeastern Djibouti
* Arta Mountains, a mountain range in Djibouti
* Arta Region, Djibouti
Greece
* Arta, Greece, a regional capital city in northwes ...
. It was captured by the
Corinthians in 625 BC and was situated about from the
Ambracian Gulf, on a bend of the navigable river
Arachthos (or Aratthus), in the midst of a fertile wooded plain.
History
Ambracia was founded between 650 and 625 BC by Gorgus, son of the Corinthian tyrant
Cypselus, at which time its economy was based on farmlands, fishing, timber for shipbuilding, and the exportation of the produce of Epirus.
After the expulsion of Gorgus's son Periander its government developed into a strong democracy. The early policy of Ambracia was determined by its loyalty to Corinth (for which it probably served as an entrepot in the
Epirus
sq, Epiri rup, Epiru
, native_name_lang =
, settlement_type = Historical region
, image_map = Epirus antiquus tabula.jpg
, map_alt =
, map_caption = Map of ancient Epirus by Heinrich ...
trade), and its consequent aversion to
Corcyra (as Ambracia participated on the Corinthian side at the
Battle of Sybota, which took place in 433 BC between the rebellious Corinthian colony of Corcyra (modern Corfu) and
Corinth
Corinth ( ; el, Κόρινθος, Kórinthos, ) is the successor to an ancient city, and is a former municipality in Corinthia, Peloponnese, which is located in south-central Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it has been part ...
).
Ambraciot politics featured many frontier disputes with the
Amphilochians and
Acarnanians. Hence it took a prominent part in the
Peloponnesian War until the crushing defeat at
Idomene (426), which crippled its resources.
In the 4th century BC it continued its traditional policy, but in 338 was besieged by
Philip II of Macedon
Philip II of Macedon ( grc-gre, Φίλιππος ; 382 – 21 October 336 BC) was the king ('' basileus'') of the ancient kingdom of Macedonia from 359 BC until his death in 336 BC. He was a member of the Argead dynasty, founders of the a ...
. With the assistance of Corinth and Athens, it escaped complete domination at Philip's hands, but was nevertheless forced to accept a Macedonian garrison.
In 294 BC, after forty-three years of semi-autonomy under
Macedon
Macedonia (; grc-gre, Μακεδονία), also called Macedon (), was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece, and later the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece. The kingdom was founded and initially ruled b ...
ian suzerainty, Ambracia was given by the son of
Cassander
Cassander ( el, Κάσσανδρος ; c. 355 BC – 297 BC) was king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia from 305 BC until 297 BC, and ''de facto'' ruler of southern Greece from 317 BC until his death.
A son of Antipater and a contem ...
to
Pyrrhus, king of
Epirus
sq, Epiri rup, Epiru
, native_name_lang =
, settlement_type = Historical region
, image_map = Epirus antiquus tabula.jpg
, map_alt =
, map_caption = Map of ancient Epirus by Heinrich ...
, who made it his capital, and adorned it with palace, temples and theatres. In the wars of
Philip V of Macedon
Philip V ( grc-gre, Φίλιππος ; 238–179 BC) was king ( Basileus) of Macedonia from 221 to 179 BC. Philip's reign was principally marked by an unsuccessful struggle with the emerging power of the Roman Republic. He would lead Macedon aga ...
and the Epirotes against the
Aetolian League (220–205) Ambracia passed from one alliance to the other, but ultimately joined the latter confederacy. During the struggle of the Aetolians against
Rome
, established_title = Founded
, established_date = 753 BC
, founder = King Romulus ( legendary)
, image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg
, map_caption ...
, it stood a stubborn
siege
A siege is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or a well-prepared assault. This derives from la, sedere, lit=to sit. Siege warfare is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict characterize ...
, including the first known use of
poison gas
Many gases have toxic properties, which are often assessed using the LC50 (median lethal dose) measure. In the United States, many of these gases have been assigned an NFPA 704 health rating of 4 (may be fatal) or 3 (may cause serious or perm ...
against the Romans'
siege tunnels.
Ambracia was captured and plundered by
Marcus Fulvius Nobilior in 189 BC, after which it was declared by Rome a "free city", and gradually fell into insignificance.
The foundation by
Augustus
Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Pr ...
of
Nicopolis, into which the remaining inhabitants were drafted, left the site desolate. In
Byzantine
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantin ...
times a new settlement took its place under the name of
Arta Arta, ARTA, or Artà may refer to:
Places Djibouti
* Arta, Djibouti, a regional capital city in southeastern Djibouti
* Arta Mountains, a mountain range in Djibouti
* Arta Region, Djibouti
Greece
* Arta, Greece, a regional capital city in northwes ...
. Some fragmentary walls of large, well-dressed blocks near this latter town indicate the early prosperity of Ambracia.
Ambraciotes
Artists
*
Epigonus of Ambracia, 6th BC musician
*Nicocles,
auletes
*Hippasus, tragic actor
*
Epicrates of Ambracia, c. 4th BC comic poet
Athletes
*Sophron,
Stadion Olympics
The modern Olympic Games or Olympics (french: link=no, Jeux olympiques) are the leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a var ...
432 BC
*Tlasimachus,
Tethrippon and
Synoris Olympics 296 BC
*Andromachus, Stadion Olympics 60 BC
Chronicon (Eusebius)
/ref>
Various
*Silanus of Ambracia Silanus ( el, Σιλανός) of Ambracia was an Ancient Greece, ancient Greeks, Greek soothsayer in Xenophon's Anabasis (Xenophon), ''Anabasis''. In 401 BC, he accompanied Cyrus the Younger in an expedition against Artaxerxes II of Persia, Artaxerx ...
, 5th BC seer
*Cleombrotus of Ambracia, student of Plato
See also
* List of cities in ancient Epirus
* List of ancient Greek cities
References
Attribution:
*
{{Commons category, Ambracia
Cities in ancient Epirus
Populated places established in the 7th century BC
Corinthian colonies
Former populated places in Greece
Populated places in ancient Acarnania
Populated places in ancient Epirus
Pyrrhus of Epirus
Archaeological sites in Epirus (region)
Arta, Greece