''Amazophrynella'' is a genus of toads in the family Bufonidae. They are found throughout the

Amazon Basin The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. The Amazon drainage basin covers an area of about , or about 35.5 percent of the South American continent. It is located in the countries of Bolivi ...

Taxonomy

''Amazophrynella'' was separated from ''

Dendrophryniscus ''Dendrophryniscus'' is a genus of true toads in the family Bufonidae, sometimes known as tree toads. They are endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Taxonomy Until 2012, the genus ''Dendrophryniscus'' included the species now separated to th ...

'' in 2012 based on molecular genetic evidence that indicated deep divergence between an Amazonian and an Atlantic Forest

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...

, the latter retaining the name ''Dendrophryniscus'' whereas the former was described as a new genus ''Amazonella'', later amended to ''Amazophrynella'' because of

homonymy In linguistics, homonyms are words which are homographs (words that share the same spelling, regardless of pronunciation), or homophones (equivocal words, that share the same pronunciation, regardless of spelling), or both. Using this definition, ...

. The analysis suggested that ''Amazophrynella'' is the sister taxon of ''Dendrophryniscus'', but a later study has suggested a more distant relationship.

Description

''Amazophrynella'' are small toads measuring in snout–vent length. The hind limbs are well developed. The parotoid glands are absent, as are vocal slits and tympana. The skin is uniformly and finely granulose. Dorsal coloration is cryptic. ''Amazophrynella'' are pond breeders, which is presumably an ancestral trait in bufonids (most ''Dendrophryniscus'' breed in

phytotelmata Phytotelma (plural phytotelmata) is a small water-filled cavity in a terrestrial plant. The water accumulated within these plants may serve as the habitat for associated fauna and flora. A rich literature in German summarised by Thienemann (19 ...

Species

There are twelve recognized species: * '' Amazophrynella amazonicola'' Rojas, Carvalho, Ávila, Farias, Gordo, and Hrbek, 2015 * ''

Amazophrynella bilinguis ''Amazophrynella'' is a genus of toads in the family Bufonidae. They are found throughout the Amazon Basin. Taxonomy ''Amazophrynella'' was separated from ''Dendrophryniscus'' in 2012 based on molecular genetic evidence that indicated deep dive ...

'' Kaefer, Rojas, Ferrão, Farias & Lima, 2019 * '' Amazophrynella bokermanni'' (Izecksohn, 1994) *''

Amazophrynella gardai ''Amazophrynella'' is a genus of toads in the family Bufonidae. They are found throughout the Amazon Basin. Taxonomy ''Amazophrynella'' was separated from ''Dendrophryniscus'' in 2012 based on molecular genetic evidence that indicated deep dive ...

'' Mângia, Koroiva & Santana, 2020 * '' Amazophrynella javierbustamantei'' Rojas-Zamora, Chaparro, Carvalho, Ávila, Farias, Hrbek, and Gordo, 2016 * '' Amazophrynella manaos'' Rojas, Carvalho, Ávila, Farias, and Hrbek, 2014 * '' Amazophrynella matses'' Rojas, Carvalho, Ávila, Farias, Gordo, and Hrbek, 2015 * '' Amazophrynella minuta'' (Melin, 1941) * '' Amazophrynella moisesii'' Rojas-Zamora, Fouquet, Ron, Hernández-Ruz, Melo-Sampaio, Chaparro, Vogt, Carvalho, Pinheiro, Ávila, Farias, Gordo, and Hrbek, 2018 * '' Amazophrynella siona'' Rojas-Zamora, Fouquet, Ron, Hernández-Ruz, Melo-Sampaio, Chaparro, Vogt, Carvalho, Pinheiro, Ávila, Farias, Gordo, and Hrbek, 2018 * '' Amazophrynella teko'' Rojas-Zamora, Fouquet, Ron, Hernández-Ruz, Melo-Sampaio, Chaparro, Vogt, Carvalho, Pinheiro, Ávila, Farias, Gordo, and Hrbek, 2018 * '' Amazophrynella vote'' Ávila, Carvalho, Gordo, Kawashita-Ribeiro, and Morais, 2012 * '' Amazophrynella xinguensis'' Rojas-Zamora, Fouquet, Ron, Hernández-Ruz, Melo-Sampaio, Chaparro, Vogt, Carvalho, Pinheiro, Ávila, Farias, Gordo, and Hrbek, 2018

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2591898 Amphibian genera Amphibians of South America