''Amauroderma'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

polypore Polypores are a group of fungi that form large fruiting bodies with pores or tubes on the underside (see Delimitation for exceptions). They are a morphological group of basidiomycetes-like gilled mushrooms and hydnoid fungi, and not all polypor ...

fungi A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from ...

in the family

Ganodermataceae The Ganodermataceae are a family (biology), family of fungi in the order Polyporales. , Index Fungorum accepts 8 genus, genera and 300 species in the family. The family was circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed by Dutch mycologist Marinus An ...

. The genus, widespread in

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...

areas, contains about 70 species. ''Amauroderma'' fungi are wood-decay fungi that feed and fruit on decayed branches and trunks. The

fruit bodies The sporocarp (also known as fruiting body, fruit body or fruitbody) of fungi is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are borne. The fruitbody is part of the sexual phase of a fungal life cyc ...

of ''Amauroderma'' fungi comprise a cap and a stipe, and are typically woody, leathery, or corky in texture. The spores produced are usually spherical or nearly so, with a characteristic double wall structure that features U-shaped thickenings.

Taxonomy

''Amauroderma'' was

circumscribed In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle that passes through all the vertices of the polygon. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter and its radius is called the circumradius. Not every polyg ...

by American mycologist

William Alphonso Murrill William Alphonso Murrill (October 13, 1869 – December 25, 1957) was an American mycologist, known for his contributions to the knowledge of the Agaricales and Polyporaceae. In 1904, he became the assistant Curator at the New York Botanical Ga ...

in 1905. He set ''Amauroderma regulicolor'' (previously known as ''Fomes regulicolor'' Berk. ex Cooke), collected from Cuba, as the

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...

. The name ''Amauroderma'' had been used previously by

Narcisse Patouillard Narcisse can be both a given name and surname. Notable people with the name include: Given name * Narcisse Bambara (born 1989), Burkinabé footballer * Narcisse Blais (1812–1888), Canadian farmer and political figure in Quebec * Narcisse Bonan ...

, when he proposed that ''

Ganoderma ''Ganoderma'' is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Ganodermataceae that includes about 80 species, many from tropical regions. They have a high genetic diversity and are used in traditional Asian medicines. ''Ganoderma'' can be differenti ...

'' be divided into the

sections Section, Sectioning or Sectioned may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Section (music), a complete, but not independent, musical idea * Section (typography), a subdivision, especially of a chapter, in books and documents ** Section sig ...

''Ganoderma'' and ''Amauroderma''. Patouillard described the characteristics of section ''Amauroderma'' as follows: "Spores globose or subglobose, devoid of truncated base, warty, woodruff or smooth; crust hat or dull stipe pruinose, rarely shining." In 1920, Torrend promoted ''Ganoderma'' sect. ''Amauroderma'' to generic status, with ''Amauroderma auriscalpium'' as the type. This resulted in an illegitimate homonym, as Murrill's earlier usage of the name has priority. The generic name means "dark/dusky-skinned" (from , meaning "dark or dusky", and , meaning "skin"). Several studies using

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

s have shown that ''Amauroderma'', as currently circumscribed, is not a

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...

taxon and will need to be revised.

Description

The

of ''Amauroderma'' species are stipitate except in '' A. andina'' and may attain various shapes although centrally stipitate basidiocarps are most common. Several

stipes Crucifixion is a method of capital punishment in which the victim is tied or nailed to a large wooden cross or beam and left to hang until eventual death from exhaustion and asphyxiation. It was used as a punishment by the Persians, Carthagin ...

may arise from the same base, frequently resulting in fused caps and compound fruit bodies. In section some fruit bodies are distinct with one or two distinct inner black bands or zones. The stipe is often duplex with an outer dense layer surrounding an inner softer or hollow core sometimes separated by a black band. In species with a distinct

tomentum Tomentum may refer to: * Plant trichomes, a covering of closely matted or fine hairs on plant leaves. * Tomentum (anatomy) Tomentum may refer to: * Plant trichomes, a covering of closely matted or fine hairs on plant leaves. * Tomentum (ana ...

on the stipe, there is often a dark zone just below the tomentum of the cap. These zones are absent from some species with a pale stipe without a tomentum. However, when present they continue into the

context Context may refer to: * Context (language use), the relevant constraints of the communicative situation that influence language use, language variation, and discourse summary Computing * Context (computing), the virtual environment required to su ...

and frequently there is also another zone stretching more or less horizontally across the context. Most basidiospores of ''Amauroderma'' mushrooms have an inner ornamented wall on which there is a

hyaline A hyaline substance is one with a glassy appearance. The word is derived from el, ὑάλινος, translit=hyálinos, lit=transparent, and el, ὕαλος, translit=hýalos, lit=crystal, glass, label=none. Histopathology Hyaline cartilage is ...

(translucent) epicutis, which is very thin and difficult to see in ordinary microscopic preparations. Mature basidiospores are pale-yellowish. An apiculus (a depressed area where the spore was once attached to the

basidium A basidium () is a microscopic sporangium (a spore-producing structure) found on the hymenophore of fruiting bodies of basidiomycete fungi which are also called tertiary mycelium, developed from secondary mycelium. Tertiary mycelium is highly-c ...

via the sterigma) is often difficult to observe.

Chemistry

Amauroderma camerarium ''Amauroderma'' is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Ganodermataceae. The genus, widespread in tropical areas, contains about 70 species. ''Amauroderma'' fungi are wood-decay fungi that feed and fruit on decayed branches and trunks. The f ...

'' produces the anti-''

Trichomonas vaginalis ''Trichomonas vaginalis'' is an anaerobic, flagellated protozoan parasite and the causative agent of a sexually transmitted disease called trichomoniasis. It is the most common pathogenic protozoan that infects humans in industrialized countries ...

'' protein that has been named amaurocine.

Habitat and distribution

''Amauroderma'' is widespread in

areas. Twenty species have been recorded from Brazil; six have been confirmed in China. A collection of '' Amauroderma sprucei'' made in

Florida Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and to ...

in 2016 was the first recorded time that the genus has been collected in the United States. '' Amauroderma schomburgkii'', ''A. coltricioides'', and ''A. calcigenum'' are examples of the genus that have been found fruiting on soil. '' Amauroderma schomburgkii'' is the most common neotropical species.

Species

The tenth edition of the ''Dictionary of the Fungi'' (2008) indicated that were about 30 species in the genus. , Index Fungorum accepts 68 species of ''Amauroderma''. *'' Amauroderma africana'' Ryvarden (2004) *'' Amauroderma albostipitatum'' A.C.Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & T.B.Gibertoni (2015) – Brazil *'' Amauroderma amoiense'' J.D.Zhao & L.W.Hsu (1983) *''

Amauroderma andina ''Amauroderma'' is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Ganodermataceae. The genus, widespread in tropical areas, contains about 70 species. ''Amauroderma'' fungi are wood-decay fungi that feed and fruit on decayed branches and trunks. The f ...

'' Ryvarden (2004) *'' Amauroderma argenteofulvum'' ( Van der Byl) Doidge (1950) – Africa *'' Amauroderma auriscalpium'' (Berk.) Torrend (1920) *'' Amauroderma austrosinense'' J.D.Zhao & L.W.Hsu (1984) *'' Amauroderma aurantiacum'' (Torrend) Gibertoni & Bernicchia (2008) – Brazil; Venezuela *'' Amauroderma bataanense'' Murrill (1908) – Philippines *'' Amauroderma boleticeum'' (Pat. & Gaillard) Torrend (1920) – South America *'' Amauroderma brasiliense'' (Singer) Ryvarden (2004) – Brazil; Guyana; Venezuela *'' Amauroderma buloloi'' Aoshima (1971) *'' Amauroderma calcigenum'' (Berk.) Torrend (1920) – South America *'' Amauroderma calcitum'' D.H.Costa Rezende & E.R.Drechsler-Santos (2016) – Brazil *''

'' (Berk.) J.S.Furtado (1968) – Brazil, Belize, Colombia, Cuba, Honduras, Peru, Venezuela *'' Amauroderma coltricioides'' T.W.Henkel, Aime & Ryvarden (2003) – Guyana *'' Amauroderma concentricum'' J.Song, Xiao L.He & B.K.Cui – China *''

Amauroderma congregatum ''Amauroderma'' is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Ganodermataceae. The genus, widespread in tropical areas, contains about 70 species. ''Amauroderma'' fungi are wood-decay fungi that feed and fruit on decayed branches and trunks. The f ...

'' Corner (1983) *'' Amauroderma conicum'' (Lloyd) Ryvarden (1990) *'' Amauroderma conjunctum'' (Lloyd) Torrend (1920) – Africa *'' Amauroderma dayaoshanense'' J.D.Zhao & X.Q.Zhang (1987) – China *'' Amauroderma deviatum'' Ryvarden (2004) *'' Amauroderma ealaense'' (Beeli) Ryvarden (1972) – Africa *'' Amauroderma elegantissimum'' Ryvarden & Iturr. (2004) – Brazil; Guyana; Venezuela *'' Amauroderma exile'' (Berk.) Torrend (1920) – South America *'' Amauroderma faculum'' Henao-M. (1997) – Colombia *''

Amauroderma flabellatum ''Amauroderma'' is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Ganodermataceae. The genus, widespread in tropical areas, contains about 70 species. ''Amauroderma'' fungi are wood-decay fungi that feed and fruit on decayed branches and trunks. The f ...

'' Aime & Ryvarden (2007) – Guyana *'' Amauroderma floriformum'' A.C.Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & T.B.Gibertoni (2015) – Brazil *'' Amauroderma fujianense'' J.D.Zhao, L.W.Hsu & X.Q.Zhang (1979) *''

Amauroderma fuscatum ''Amauroderma fuscatum'' is a tough woody mushroom in the family Ganodermataceae. It is a polypore fungus A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and m ...

'' (Lloyd) Otieno (1969) *'' Amauroderma fuscoporia'' Wakef. (1948) – Africa *'' Amauroderma grandisporum'' Gulaid & Ryvarden (1998) *'' Amauroderma guangxiense'' J.D.Zhao & X.Q.Zhang (1986) *'' Amauroderma hongkongense'' L.Fan & B.Liu (1990) – China *'' Amauroderma infundibuliforme'' Wakef. (1917) – Uganda *'' Amauroderma insulare'' (Har. & Pat.) Torrend (1920) –

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*'' Amauroderma intermedium'' (Bres. & Pat.) Torrend (1920) – Brazil; Colombia; Guadalupe; Martinique; Paraguay; Puerto Rico *''

Amauroderma jiangxiense ''Amauroderma'' is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Ganodermataceae. The genus, widespread in tropical areas, contains about 70 species. ''Amauroderma'' fungi are wood-decay fungi that feed and fruit on decayed branches and trunks. The f ...

'' J.D.Zhao & X.Q.Zhang (1987) *'' Amauroderma kwiluense'' (Beeli) Ryvarden (1974) *'' Amauroderma laccatostiptatum'' A.C.Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & T.B.Gibertoni (2015) – Brazil *'' Amauroderma leptopus'' (Pers.) J.S.Furtado (1967) – Indonesia *'' Amauroderma leucosporum'' Corner (1983) *'' Amauroderma longgangense'' J.D.Zhao & X.Q.Zhang (1986) *'' Amauroderma macrosporum'' J.S.Furtado (1968) – Brazil *'' Amauroderma malesianum'' Corner (1983) *'' Amauroderma nigrum'' Rick (1960) *'' Amauroderma nutans'' (Fr.) Murrill (1908) *'' Amauroderma oblongisporum'' J.S.Furtado (1968) – Africa *'' Amauroderma omphalodes'' (Berk.) Torrend (1920) – Brazil; Guyana; Venezuela; Colombia *'' Amauroderma ovisporum'' A.C.Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & T.B.Gibertoni (2015) – Brazil *'' Amauroderma parasiticum'' Corner (1983) *'' Amauroderma partitum'' (Berk.) Wakef. (1934) – Brazil; Colombia; Guyana; Venezuela *'' Amauroderma perplexum'' Corner (1983) *'' Amauroderma picipes'' Torrend (1920) – Brazil *'' Amauroderma praetervisum'' (Pat.) Torrend (1920) – Central America; South America; Cuba; Mexico *'' Amauroderma preussii'' (Henn.) Steyaert (1972) *''

Amauroderma pudens ''Amauroderma'' is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Ganodermataceae. The genus, widespread in tropical areas, contains about 70 species. ''Amauroderma'' fungi are wood-decay fungi that feed and fruit on decayed branches and trunks. The Ba ...

'' (Berk.) Ryvarden (1977) *'' Amauroderma renidens'' (Bres.) Torrend (1920) – Brazil *''

Amauroderma rude ''Amauroderma rude'' is a tough woody mushroom in the family Ganodermataceae. A polypore fungus, it is found in Eastern Australia, where it grows as a saprophyte on rotting, buried wood. Etymology ''Amauroderma'' means "dark/dusky-skinned" (fr ...

'' (Berk.) Torrend (1920) *'' Amauroderma rugosum'' (Blume & T.Nees) Torrend (1920) *''

Amauroderma salisburiense ''Amauroderma'' is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Ganodermataceae. The genus, widespread in tropical areas, contains about 70 species. ''Amauroderma'' fungi are wood-decay fungi that feed and fruit on decayed branches and trunks. The f ...

'' (Van der Byl) D.A.Reid (1973) *'' Amauroderma schomburgkii'' (Mont. & Berk.) Torrend (1920) – Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Guiana Francesa; Guiana; Venezuela; Jamaica; Nicarágua; Panamá; Trinidad *'' Amauroderma scopulosum'' (Berk.) Imazeki (1952) *''

Amauroderma secedens ''Amauroderma'' is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Ganodermataceae. The genus, widespread in tropical areas, contains about 70 species. ''Amauroderma'' fungi are wood-decay fungi that feed and fruit on decayed branches and trunks. The f ...

'' Corner (1983) *'' Amauroderma sericatum'' (Lloyd) Wakef. (1917) *'' Amauroderma sessile'' A.C.Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & T.B.Gibertoni (2015) – Brazil *'' Amauroderma solomonense'' Corner (1983) *'' Amauroderma sprucei'' (Pat.) Torrend (1920) – Brazil; Costa Rica; Colombia; Cuba; Puerto Rico; Jamaica; Belize; French Guiana; Venezuela *'' Amauroderma subrugosum'' (Bres. & Pat.) Torrend (1920) *'' Amauroderma subsessile'' A.C.Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & T.B.Gibertoni (2015) – Brazil; Costa Rica; Panama *'' Amauroderma tapetellum'' Henao-M. (1997) – Colombia *'' Amauroderma trichodematum'' J.S.Furtado (1968) – Bolivia; Brazil; Guyana; Venezuela *''

Amauroderma trulliforme ''Amauroderma'' is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Ganodermataceae. The genus, widespread in tropical areas, contains about 70 species. ''Amauroderma'' fungi are wood-decay fungi that feed and fruit on decayed branches and trunks. The f ...

'' (Lloyd) Torrend (1920) *'' Amauroderma unilaterum'' (Lloyd) Ryvarden (1990) *'' Amauroderma variabile'' (Berk.) Lloyd ex Wakef. (1934) *'' Amauroderma wuzhishanense'' J.D.Zhao & X.Q.Zhang (1987) *'' Amauroderma yunnanense'' J.D.Zhao & X.Q.Zhang (1987)

Taxonomy

Description

Chemistry

Habitat and distribution

Species

References

Cited literature

Further reading