Amauroderma Intermedium

''Amauroderma'' is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Ganodermataceae. The genus, widespread in tropical areas, contains about 70 species. ''Amauroderma'' fungi are wood-decay fungi that feed and fruit on decayed branches and trunks.

The fruit bodies of ''Amauroderma'' fungi comprise a cap and a stipe, and are typically woody, leathery, or corky in texture. The spores produced are usually spherical or nearly so, with a characteristic double wall structure that features U-shaped thickenings.

Taxonomy

''Amauroderma'' was circumscribed by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1905. He set ''Amauroderma regulicolor'' (previously known as ''Fomes regulicolor'' Berk. ex Cooke), collected from Cuba, as the type species. The name ''Amauroderma'' had been used previously by Narcisse Patouillard, when he proposed that ''Ganoderma'' be divided into the sections ''Ganoderma'' and ''Amauroderma''. Patouillard described the characteristics of section ''Amauroderma'' as follows: "Spores globose or subglobose, devoid of truncated base, warty, woodruff or smooth; crust hat or dull stipe pruinose, rarely shining." In 1920, Torrend promoted ''Ganoderma'' sect. ''Amauroderma'' to generic status, with ''Amauroderma auriscalpium'' as the type. This resulted in an illegitimate homonym, as Murrill's earlier usage of the name has priority.

The generic name means "dark/dusky-skinned" (from , meaning "dark or dusky", and , meaning "skin").

Several studies using molecular phylogenetics have shown that ''Amauroderma'', as currently circumscribed, is not a monophyletic taxon and will need to be revised.

Description

The fruit bodies of ''Amauroderma'' species are stipitate except in '' A. andina'' and may attain various shapes although centrally stipitate basidiocarps are most common. Several stipes may arise from the same base, frequently resulting in fused caps and compound fruit bodies. In section some fruit bodies are distinct with one or two distinct inner black bands or zones. The stipe is often duplex with an outer dense layer surrounding an inner softer or hollow core sometimes separated by a black band. In species with a distinct tomentum on the stipe, there is often a dark zone just below the tomentum of the cap. These zones are absent from some species with a pale stipe without a tomentum. However, when present they continue into the context and frequently there is also another zone stretching more or less horizontally across the context.

Most basidiospores of ''Amauroderma'' mushrooms have an inner ornamented wall on which there is a hyaline (translucent) epicutis, which is very thin and difficult to see in ordinary microscopic preparations. Mature basidiospores are pale-yellowish. An apiculus (a depressed area where the spore was once attached to the basidium via the sterigma) is often difficult to observe.

Chemistry

''Amauroderma camerarium'' produces the anti-'' Trichomonas vaginalis'' protein that has been named amaurocine.

Habitat and distribution

''Amauroderma'' is widespread in tropical areas. Twenty species have been recorded from Brazil; six have been confirmed in China. A collection of '' Amauroderma sprucei'' made in Florida in 2016 was the first recorded time that the genus has been collected in the United States.

'' Amauroderma schomburgkii'', ''A. coltricioides'', and ''A. calcigenum'' are examples of the genus that have been found fruiting on soil. '' Amauroderma schomburgkii'' is the most common neotropical species.

Species

The tenth edition of the ''Dictionary of the Fungi'' (2008) indicated that were about 30 species in the genus. , Index Fungorum accepts 68 species of ''Amauroderma''.

*'' Amauroderma africana'' Ryvarden (2004)
*''Amauroderma albostipitatum'' A.C.Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & T.B.Gibertoni (2015) – Brazil
*'' Amauroderma amoiense'' J.D.Zhao & L.W.Hsu (1983)
*''Amauroderma andina'' Ryvarden (2004)
*'' Amauroderma argenteofulvum'' ( Van der Byl) Doidge (1950) – Africa
*'' Amauroderma auriscalpium'' (Berk.) Torrend (1920)
*'' Amauroderma austrosinense'' J.D.Zhao & L.W.Hsu (1984)
*'' Amauroderma aurantiacum'' (Torrend) Gibertoni & Bernicchia (2008) – Brazil; Venezuela
*'' Amauroderma bataanense'' Murrill (1908) – Philippines
*'' Amauroderma boleticeum'' (Pat. & Gaillard) Torrend (1920) – South America
*''Amauroderma brasiliense'' (Singer) Ryvarden (2004) – Brazil; Guyana; Venezuela
*'' Amauroderma buloloi'' Aoshima (1971)
*'' Amauroderma calcigenum'' (Berk.) Torrend (1920) – South America
*'' Amauroderma calcitum'' D.H.Costa Rezende & E.R.Drechsler-Santos (2016) – Brazil
*''Amauroderma camerarium'' (Berk.) J.S.Furtado (1968) – Brazil, Belize, Colombia, Cuba, Honduras, Peru, Venezuela
*''Amauroderma coltricioides'' T.W.Henkel, Aime & Ryvarden (2003) – Guyana
*'' Amauroderma concentricum'' J.Song, Xiao L.He & B.K.Cui – China
*''Amauroderma congregatum'' Corner (1983)
*''Amauroderma conicum'' (Lloyd) Ryvarden (1990)
*''Amauroderma conjunctum'' (Lloyd) Torrend (1920) – Africa
*'' Amauroderma dayaoshanense'' J.D.Zhao & X.Q.Zhang (1987) – China
*''Amauroderma deviatum'' Ryvarden (2004)
*'' Amauroderma ealaense'' (Beeli) Ryvarden (1972) – Africa
*''Amauroderma elegantissimum'' Ryvarden & Iturr. (2004) – Brazil; Guyana; Venezuela
*''Amauroderma exile'' (Berk.) Torrend (1920) – South America
*'' Amauroderma faculum'' Henao-M. (1997) – Colombia
*''Amauroderma flabellatum'' Aime & Ryvarden (2007) – Guyana
*'' Amauroderma floriformum'' A.C.Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & T.B.Gibertoni (2015) – Brazil
*'' Amauroderma fujianense'' J.D.Zhao, L.W.Hsu & X.Q.Zhang (1979)
*''Amauroderma fuscatum'' (Lloyd) Otieno (1969)
*'' Amauroderma fuscoporia'' Wakef. (1948) – Africa
*'' Amauroderma grandisporum'' Gulaid & Ryvarden (1998)
*'' Amauroderma guangxiense'' J.D.Zhao & X.Q.Zhang (1986)
*'' Amauroderma hongkongense'' L.Fan & B.Liu (1990) – China
*''Amauroderma infundibuliforme'' Wakef. (1917) – Uganda
*'' Amauroderma insulare'' (Har. & Pat.) Torrend (1920) – New Caledonia
*'' Amauroderma intermedium'' (Bres. & Pat.) Torrend (1920) – Brazil; Colombia; Guadalupe; Martinique; Paraguay; Puerto Rico
*''Amauroderma jiangxiense'' J.D.Zhao & X.Q.Zhang (1987)
*'' Amauroderma kwiluense'' (Beeli) Ryvarden (1974)
*'' Amauroderma laccatostiptatum'' A.C.Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & T.B.Gibertoni (2015) – Brazil
*''Amauroderma leptopus'' (Pers.) J.S.Furtado (1967) – Indonesia
*'' Amauroderma leucosporum'' Corner (1983)
*'' Amauroderma longgangense'' J.D.Zhao & X.Q.Zhang (1986)
*'' Amauroderma macrosporum'' J.S.Furtado (1968) – Brazil
*'' Amauroderma malesianum'' Corner (1983)
*''Amauroderma nigrum'' Rick (1960)
*'' Amauroderma nutans'' (Fr.) Murrill (1908)
*'' Amauroderma oblongisporum'' J.S.Furtado (1968) – Africa
*'' Amauroderma omphalodes'' (Berk.) Torrend (1920) – Brazil; Guyana; Venezuela; Colombia
*'' Amauroderma ovisporum'' A.C.Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & T.B.Gibertoni (2015) – Brazil
*'' Amauroderma parasiticum'' Corner (1983)
*''Amauroderma partitum'' (Berk.) Wakef. (1934) – Brazil; Colombia; Guyana; Venezuela
*'' Amauroderma perplexum'' Corner (1983)
*'' Amauroderma picipes'' Torrend (1920) – Brazil
*'' Amauroderma praetervisum'' (Pat.) Torrend (1920) – Central America; South America; Cuba; Mexico
*''Amauroderma preussii'' (Henn.) Steyaert (1972)
*''Amauroderma pudens'' (Berk.) Ryvarden (1977)
*'' Amauroderma renidens'' (Bres.) Torrend (1920) – Brazil
*''Amauroderma rude'' (Berk.) Torrend (1920)
*'' Amauroderma rugosum'' (Blume & T.Nees) Torrend (1920)
*''Amauroderma salisburiense'' (Van der Byl) D.A.Reid (1973)
*'' Amauroderma schomburgkii'' (Mont. & Berk.) Torrend (1920) – Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Guiana Francesa; Guiana; Venezuela; Jamaica; Nicarágua; Panamá; Trinidad
*'' Amauroderma scopulosum'' (Berk.) Imazeki (1952)
*''Amauroderma secedens'' Corner (1983)
*''Amauroderma sericatum'' (Lloyd) Wakef. (1917)
*'' Amauroderma sessile'' A.C.Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & T.B.Gibertoni (2015) – Brazil
*'' Amauroderma solomonense'' Corner (1983)
*'' Amauroderma sprucei'' (Pat.) Torrend (1920) – Brazil; Costa Rica; Colombia; Cuba; Puerto Rico; Jamaica; Belize; French Guiana; Venezuela
*''Amauroderma subrugosum'' (Bres. & Pat.) Torrend (1920)
*'' Amauroderma subsessile'' A.C.Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & T.B.Gibertoni (2015) – Brazil; Costa Rica; Panama
*'' Amauroderma tapetellum'' Henao-M. (1997) – Colombia
*'' Amauroderma trichodematum'' J.S.Furtado (1968) – Bolivia; Brazil; Guyana; Venezuela
*''Amauroderma trulliforme'' (Lloyd) Torrend (1920)
*'' Amauroderma unilaterum'' (Lloyd) Ryvarden (1990)
*''Amauroderma variabile'' (Berk.) Lloyd ex Wakef. (1934)
*''Amauroderma wuzhishanense'' J.D.Zhao & X.Q.Zhang (1987)
*'' Amauroderma yunnanense'' J.D.Zhao & X.Q.Zhang (1987)

References

Cited literature

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Further reading

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{{Taxonbar, from=Q4740664

Taxa described in 1905
Polyporales genera
Taxa named by William Alphonso Murrill