Amarna letter EA 223, titled: ''"Compliance With Orders"'',
[ Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. ''The Amarna Letters.'' EA 223, ''"Compliance With Orders"'', p. 287.] is a very short
clay tablet
In the Ancient Near East, clay tablets (Akkadian ) were used as a writing medium, especially for writing in cuneiform, throughout the Bronze Age and well into the Iron Age.
Cuneiform characters were imprinted on a wet clay tablet with a stylu ...
letter from
Endaruta
Endaruta was the ruler of Achshaph-(''Akšapa'' of the letters), in the 1350- 1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. Endaruta was the author of EA 223, ( EA for 'el Amarna'), of the letters. He is only referenced in two other letters EA 366 an ...
of
city-state
A city-state is an independent sovereign city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory. They have existed in many parts of the world since the dawn of history, including cities such as ...
Akšapa (
Achshaph
Achshaph ( he, אַכְשָׁף; in LXX grc, Άξείφ or Άκσάφ) was a royal city of the Canaanites, in the north of Canaan (Josh. 11:1; 12:20; 19:25). The name means "sorcery". Location
Achshaph was in the eastern boundary of the tribe of ...
). It is the only letter authored by Endaruta. One of the ten Pharaoh letters written to persons/ or states in the
Amarna letters
The Amarna letters (; sometimes referred to as the Amarna correspondence or Amarna tablets, and cited with the abbreviation EA, for "El Amarna") are an archive, written on clay tablets, primarily consisting of diplomatic correspondence between t ...
corpus, is
Amarna letter EA 367
Amarna letter EA 367, titled ''From the Pharaoh to a Vassal,'' is a medium-small, square clay tablet Amarna letter to Endaruta of Achshaph, (Akšapa of the letters), one of only about 10 letters of the el-Amarna corpus, that is from the Pharao ...
(titled: ''From the Pharaoh to a Vassal'').
The
Amarna letters
The Amarna letters (; sometimes referred to as the Amarna correspondence or Amarna tablets, and cited with the abbreviation EA, for "El Amarna") are an archive, written on clay tablets, primarily consisting of diplomatic correspondence between t ...
, about 300, numbered up to EA 382, are a mid 14th century BC, about
1350 BC
Events and trends
* c. 1356 BC – Amenhotep IV begins the worship of Aten in Ancient Egypt, changing his name to Akhenaten and moving the capital to Akhetaten, starting the Amarna Period.
* c. 1352 BC – Amenhotep III ( Eighteenth ...
and 20–25 years later,
correspondence. The initial
corpus
Corpus is Latin for "body". It may refer to:
Linguistics
* Text corpus, in linguistics, a large and structured set of texts
* Speech corpus, in linguistics, a large set of speech audio files
* Corpus linguistics, a branch of linguistics
Music
* ...
of letters were found at
Akhenaten
Akhenaten (pronounced ), also spelled Echnaton, Akhenaton, ( egy, ꜣḫ-n-jtn ''ʾŪḫə-nə-yātəy'', , meaning "Effective for the Aten"), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh reigning or 1351–1334 BC, the tenth ruler of the Eighteenth Dy ...
's city
Akhetaten, in the floor of the
Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh
The building known as the Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh (also known as the Records Office) is located in the 'Central City' area of the ancient Egyptian city of Akhetaten, known as Amarna in modern times. The city was the short-lived capit ...
; others were later found, adding to the body of letters.
Letter EA 223 is numbered VAT 1870, from the
Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin
The Vorderasiatisches Museum (, ''Near East Museum'') is an archaeological museum in Berlin. It is in the basement of the south wing of the Pergamon Museum and has one of the world's largest collections of Southwest Asian art. 14 halls distrib ...
.
The letter
EA 223: ''"Compliance With Orders"''
EA 223, letter number one of one, from
Endaruta
Endaruta was the ruler of Achshaph-(''Akšapa'' of the letters), in the 1350- 1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. Endaruta was the author of EA 223, ( EA for 'el Amarna'), of the letters. He is only referenced in two other letters EA 366 an ...
of
city-state
A city-state is an independent sovereign city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory. They have existed in many parts of the world since the dawn of history, including cities such as ...
Akšapa. (Not a linear, line-by-line translation.)
''Obverse'' See her
line drawing (cuneiform), line drawing
:(Lines 1-)–Say to the k
n, my lord, the Sun fr
mthe s
: Message of
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[r[t.html"_;"title="">[r[t.html"_;"title=".html"_;"title="[r">[r[t">.html"_;"title="[r">[r[t">">[r[t.html"_;"title=".html"_;"title="[r">[r[t">.html"_;"title="[r">[r[t,
1_your_servant._I_prostrate_myself_at_the_feet_of_the_king,_my_lord,_7_times_and_7_times.
:(7-10)–Whatsoever_the_king,_my_lord,_orders,_I_shall_prepare.
2_(complete_EA_223,_with_minor_lacuna_(manuscripts).html" ;"title="">[r[t.html" ;"title="">[r[t.html" ;"title=".html" ;"title="[r">[r[t">.html" ;"title="[r">[r[t">">[r[t.html" ;"title=".html" ;"title="[r">[r[t">.html" ;"title="[r">[r[t,
1 your servant. I prostrate myself at the feet of the king, my lord, 7 times and 7 times.
:(7-10)–Whatsoever the king, my lord, orders, I shall prepare.
2 (complete EA 223, with minor lacuna (manuscripts)">lacunae restored, lines 1-10)
''Reverse'' See here
(Only: upside-down script from ''Obverse''), See her
and here
See also
*
Amarna letters–phrases and quotations
The Amarna letters (; sometimes referred to as the Amarna correspondence or Amarna tablets, and cited with the abbreviation EA, for "El Amarna") are an archive, written on clay tablets, primarily consisting of diplomatic correspondence between t ...
*
Amarna letter EA 367
Amarna letter EA 367, titled ''From the Pharaoh to a Vassal,'' is a medium-small, square clay tablet Amarna letter to Endaruta of Achshaph, (Akšapa of the letters), one of only about 10 letters of the el-Amarna corpus, that is from the Pharao ...
External links
Obverse & Reverse of letterline drawing of EA 223Version history listing of Akkadian
CDLI entry of EA 223, no. P271165 ( ''Chicago Digital Library Initiative'' )CDLI listing of all EA Amarna letters, 1-382
Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin
The Vorderasiatisches Museum (, ''Near East Museum'') is an archaeological museum in Berlin. It is in the basement of the south wing of the Pergamon Museum and has one of the world's largest collections of Southwest Asian art. 14 halls distrib ...
entry for EA 223; 4 photos: Obverse, Reverse, Sides
References
* Moran, William L. ''The Amarna Letters.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. (softcover, )
Amarna letters
Canaan