''Amanita parcivolvata'' also known as ringless false fly amanita, is a

fungus A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from th ...

that produces

fruit bodies The sporocarp (also known as fruiting body, fruit body or fruitbody) of fungi is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are borne. The fruitbody is part of the sexual phase of a fungal life cyc ...

that vaguely resemble those of ''

Amanita muscaria ''Amanita muscaria'', commonly known as the fly agaric or fly amanita, is a basidiomycete of the genus ''Amanita''. It is also a muscimol mushroom. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, ''Amanita muscar ...

''. It is differentiated, however, by its lack of an

annulus Annulus (or anulus) or annular indicates a ring- or donut-shaped area or structure. It may refer to: Human anatomy * ''Anulus fibrosus disci intervertebralis'', spinal structure * Annulus of Zinn, a.k.a. annular tendon or ''anulus tendineus com ...

, by the volval deposits on its stipe/base, and by its pileal striations. It occasionally lacks a stipe bulb entirely, instead just tapering to a point in the ground with powdery volval deposits on its surface. It ranges from in length and is occasional to common in the

Southeastern United States The Southeastern United States, also referred to as the American Southeast or simply the Southeast, is a geographical region of the United States. It is located broadly on the eastern portion of the southern United States and the southern por ...

, occurring primarily in ''

Quercus An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus ''Quercus'' (; Latin "oak tree") of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 500 extant species of oaks. The common name "oak" also appears in the names of species in related genera, notably '' ...

'' forests though it has been observed in forests with a mix of

conifers Conifers are a group of cone-bearing seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms. Scientifically, they make up the division Pinophyta (), also known as Coniferophyta () or Coniferae. The division contains a single extant class, Pinopsida. All extan ...

and

oak An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus ''Quercus'' (; Latin "oak tree") of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 500 extant species of oaks. The common name "oak" also appears in the names of species in related genera, notably ''L ...

Taxonomy

This ''

Amanita The genus ''Amanita'' contains about 600 species of agarics, including some of the most toxic known mushrooms found worldwide, as well as some well-regarded edible species. This genus is responsible for approximately 95% of the fatalities result ...

'' is in the subgenus ''Amanita'' and in the section ''Amanita''. It was first described by

Charles Horton Peck Charles Horton Peck (March 30, 1833 – July 11, 1917) was an American mycologist of the 19th and early 20th centuries. He was the New York State Botanist from 1867 to 1915, a period in which he described over 2,700 species of North American fun ...

in 1900 as ''Amanitopsis parcivolvata''.

Murrill Murrill is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Herbert Murrill (1909–1952), English musician, composer, and organist * William Murrill William Alphonso Murrill (October 13, 1869 – December 25, 1957) was an American myc ...

the placed it in the now defunct genus, ''Vaginata, ''in 1910, comparing it to the local specimens of '' Vaginata plumbea'' in

Blacksburg, Virginia Blacksburg is an incorporated town in Montgomery County, Virginia, United States, with a population of 44,826 at the 2020 census. Blacksburg, as well as the surrounding county, is dominated economically and demographically by the presence of V ...

and finding it distinct. However, it was not formally described in literature until 1913. J.E. Gilbert placed in the genus ''

'' in 1941, where it resides to this day.

Description

Cap: The pileus is bright red ranging from in diameter with warts which range in color from pale yellow to white. With rain, these can wash off, giving it a somewhat similar appearance to an ''

'' in '' section Caesareae'' from a distance, especially if all but the cap is covered by

detritus In biology, detritus () is dead particulate organic material, as distinguished from dissolved organic material. Detritus typically includes the bodies or fragments of bodies of dead organisms, and fecal material. Detritus typically hosts commun ...

. Gills: The

lamellae Lamella (plural lamellae) means a small plate or flake in Latin, and in English may refer to: Biology * Lamella (mycology), a papery rib beneath a mushroom cap * Lamella (botany) * Lamella (surface anatomy), a plate-like structure in an animal * ...

are white to pale yellow, closely spaced, free from the stipe, and sometimes with a serrated margin. Stipe: in length and about in width, with pale yellow to white powdery volval remnants all along the stipe. The volva, if it even may be called that, is rather undeveloped as compared to other members of ''

''. Microscopic Features: According to Rod Tulloss, the spores of ''Amanita parcivolvata'' measure (8.4-) 9.1-11.5 (-12.6) X (5.6-) 6.3-7.9 (-8.0) μm, are

inamyloid In mycology a tissue or feature is said to be amyloid if it has a positive amyloid reaction when subjected to a crude chemical test using iodine as an ingredient of either Melzer's reagent or Lugol's solution, producing a blue to blue-black stain ...

, and the

basidia A basidium () is a microscopic sporangium (a spore-producing structure) found on the hymenophore of fruiting bodies of basidiomycete fungi which are also called tertiary mycelium, developed from secondary mycelium. Tertiary mycelium is highly-c ...

rarely have

clamps Clamp may refer to: Tools and devices *Brick clamp, an early method of baking bricks *Clamp (tool), a device or tool used to hold objects in a fixed relative position (many types listed) **C-clamp **C-clamp (stagecraft) **Riser clamp, a device u ...

at bases. Chemical Reactions: With KOH, the red color of the cap quickly fades to an orange, then yellow color.

References

External links

Observations
on

Mushroom Observer Mushroom Observer is a collaborative mycology website started by Nathan Wilson in 2006. Reproduced on thMykoWeb website. Its purpose is to "record observations about mushrooms, help people identify mushrooms they aren't familiar with, and expand th ...

{{Taxonbar, from=Q4033859 parcivolvata Fungi described in 1900 Fungi of North America