''Amanita frostiana'', also known as Frost's amanita, is a small fungus species of eastern U.S. and southeastern Canada. The mushroom varies in colours from yellow, red or reddish pink usually.

Description

Some of the species' notable physical characteristics, however, distinguish it from the other members of the genus. For instance, the colors of the cap, darkening over the disk and the universal veil colored yellow to cream. The other characteristics of the other parts of its body are as follows: * Cap : The cap is convex or sometimes shield-shaped, becoming flat with a fairly distinctly lined margin. The cap may vary in lengths of 2-8 centimeters. The colors include yellow to golden orange or a different combination of scarlet or deep reddish pink. The surface is smooth, becoming slightly sticky when moist. * Stem/stipe : The stem, also called stipe. The universal veil material is yellow to cream, forming yellow powder or flakes at the base of the stalk. It measures 47 to 62 mm in length and 4 to 11 mm in diameter, also consisting a persistent annulus. * Gills : The gills are free, close, and cream in mass. The short gills are truncate to excavated-truncate and are numerous. * Spores and microscopic features : The spores measure 7.0 to 10.2 µm wide and are globose to subglobose and inamyloid. It has also been noticed that the spores of this mushroom do not turn black in color if

iodine Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53. The heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists as a semi-lustrous, non-metallic solid at standard conditions that melts to form a deep violet liquid at , and boils to a vi ...

is poured on it.

Distribution and habitat

This rare species is normally found in mixed forests with oaks (mostly Quercus oaks) and

conifer Conifers are a group of conifer cone, cone-bearing Spermatophyte, seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms. Scientifically, they make up the phylum, division Pinophyta (), also known as Coniferophyta () or Coniferae. The division contains a single ...

s (mostly Pinaceae conifers). It is considered native to eastern U.S. and southeastern Canada. Amanita rubrovolvata 97093

Similar species

''Amanita frostiana'' is similar to a range of species, like ''

Amanita rubrovolvata ''Amanita rubrovolvata'', commonly known as the red volva amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. The fungus produces small to medium-sized mushrooms, with reddish-orange caps up to wide. The stems are up to tall, cream-c ...

'', ''

Amanita flavoconia ''Amanita flavoconia'', commonly known as yellow patches, yellow wart, orange amanita, yellow-dust amanita or the American yellow dust amanita, is a species of mushroom in the family Amanitaceae. It has an orangish-yellow pileus (mycology), cap ...

'', ''

Amanita albocreata ''Amanita albocreata'', also called the ringless panther or the ringless panther amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. It was discovered in 1944, by William Murrill. It is commonly found in northeastern United States and sou ...

'', '' Amanita muscaria var. muscaria'' or simply ''

Amanita muscaria ''Amanita muscaria'', commonly known as the fly agaric or fly amanita, is a basidiomycete of the genus ''Amanita''. It is also a muscimol mushroom. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, ''Amanita muscar ...

'' and ''

Amanita subfrostiana The genus ''Amanita'' contains about 600 species of agarics, including some of the most toxic known mushrooms found worldwide, as well as some well-regarded edible species. This genus is responsible for approximately 95% of the fatalities result ...

''. ''

'' is slightly similar physically to this species. The fungus produces small- to medium-sized mushrooms, with reddish-orange caps. Roger Heim reported ''A. frostiana'' as occurring in Thailand, but this was probably a misidentification of ''A. rubrovolvata''. ''

'', also referred to as 'False Frost's Amanita', has the same natural habitat as of ''A. frostiana'', but is mostly distributed in southwestern China. It does resemble ''A. frostiana'' but due to the different paleness of color in the cap of this species helps avoid misidentification. The distinct and starkly white bulb (e.g., 17 x 15 mm) bears a white or yellow-white collar that is somewhat similar to the collar seen in the exannulate ''

'', which is a species of the hardwood-hemlock (''Tsuga'') forest of the northeastern U.S. and southeastern Canada and of boreal forest at least as far north as the Island of

Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador (; french: Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador; frequently abbreviated as NL) is the easternmost province of Canada, in the country's Atlantic region. The province comprises the island of Newfoundland and the continental region ...

. The clamps present at bases of basidia of this species specially support the presumed relationship to '' Amanita muscaria var. muscaria'' or simply ''

''. ''

'' is a poisonous and

psychoactive A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, psychoactive agent or psychotropic drug is a chemical substance, that changes functions of the nervous system, and results in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition or behavior. Th ...

basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus Amanita. Many misidentifications have taken place while recognizing ''

'', one of the most common and widespread species of Amanita in eastern

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...

, due to various similar physical characteristics. It is mostly confused due to their microscopic features.

Edibility

The species is considered inedible and poisonous.

References

External links

List of Amanitaceae in Great Smoky Mtns National Park — ''Amanita frostiana''
* Page in the Russian Wikipedia
Further information about the species' name at Index Fungorum
{{Taxonbar, from=Q4033854

frostiana ''Frostiana: Seven Country Songs'' is a piece for mixed chorus and piano composed in 1959 by Randall Thompson. It premiered on October 18, 1959, in Amherst, Massachusetts. Thompson later scored the piece for chamber orchestra and chorus; ...