Altarpiece of Pellegrinus II, Cathedral of Cividale

The altarpiece of Pellegrino II is a medieval

altarpiece An altarpiece is an artwork such as a painting, sculpture or relief representing a religious subject made for placing at the back of or behind the altar of a Christian church. Though most commonly used for a single work of art such as a painting o ...

in the cathedral of Cividale, Italy. The silver relief was endowed by Pellegrino II, the patriarch of Aquileia, around 1200 and adorns today the main altar of the church ''Santa Maria Assunta''. It shows Mary and the Child Jesus surrounded by archangels and groups of

saint In religious belief, a saint is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of Q-D-Š, holiness, likeness, or closeness to God. However, the use of the term ''saint'' depends on the context and Christian denomination, denominat ...

s. The piece is notable for its rich ornamentation and its early typographic inscription.

Description

The altarpiece is located in the cathedral Santa Maria Assunta in the town of Cividale in Friuli. The rectangular relief plate which measures about one meter high and two meters wide is made of partly

gilded Gilding is a decorative technique for applying a very thin coating of gold over solid surfaces such as metal (most common), wood, porcelain, or stone. A gilded object is also described as "gilt". Where metal is gilded, the metal below was tradi ...

silver. Protected by a modern glass case, it towers above the principal altar in the choir. It was consecrated by Pellegrino II who was patriarch of Aquileia between 1195 and 1204.Brekle 2011, pp. 1f.; Lipinsky 1986, pp. 75f. The altarpiece is divided into four parts: the center consists of a triptych which shows Mary as the Mother of God ( Latin ''mater dei'') with the Child Jesus in her lap. From left and right the archangels

Michael Michael may refer to: People * Michael (given name), a given name * Michael (surname), including a list of people with the surname Michael Given name "Michael" * Michael (archangel), ''first'' of God's archangels in the Jewish, Christian an ...

and Gabriel rush to the seated mother and her child. The whole scene takes place under a three-arched arcade. The triptych is flanked by two departments which display, in three horizontal lines each, a total of 25 male and female saints standing next to one other. All figures except the Child Jesus are identifiable by name. A frame displaying a series of head medallions without inscriptions runs all around the triptych and the two lateral sections. In the upper horizontal frame piece Christ and John the Baptist as well as the four Evangelists are depicted. In its lower counterpart Pellegrino II, kneeling at the feet of Mary, can be identified by an accompanying inscription as the donator of the altarpiece. On the inside of the two frame boards a votive inscription composed of ten Leonine verses runs horizontally across the altarpiece.Brekle 2011, pp. 1f.

Typography

All inscriptions of the altarpiece were written in Latin. The font of the dedicatory inscription is overall classified as Gothic capitalis.Brekle 2011, p. 2 Modern commentators agree that the inscriptions were produced by hammering individual letter punches one by one into the silver plate. Evidence for this typographic method can be derived from the observation that the letterforms comply with the criterion of type identity according to which every letter imprint must come from one and the same letter punch.Brekle 2011, p. 19 The type identity is ''inter alia'' evident in the repeated occurrence of the faulty letter "R" throughout the text that indicates a damaged letter punch. The high relief letters stand proud in rectangular recesses created by the bases of the low relief punches; the fine edges between these recesses are a further indication of the sequential use of individual letter punches. A number of letters which are not properly aligned to their baseline provide additional evidence that the artisan worked with separate punches. A total of about forty types, which come in equal parts in a smaller and larger font size, were employed for creating the inscriptions.Brekle 2011, p. 4 The smaller ones were used for the names of the saints and the donor's inscription of the patriarch, while the names of the archangels, of the Mother of God, the abbreviations of sanctus/sancta ("holy") and the two-line inscription were printed with the larger set. The latter text was punched into eight silver strips which were strung together and nailed onto the wooden substructure of the altarpiece. According to the art historian Angelo Lipinsky, the altarpiece may have been inspired by Byzantine

reliquaries A reliquary (also referred to as a ''shrine'', by the French term ''châsse'', and historically including '' phylacteries'') is a container for relics. A portable reliquary may be called a ''fereter'', and a chapel in which it is housed a ''fer ...

which were decorated by the same typographic technique in the 10th to 12th centuries. However, a random check with the Limburg Staurotheca which dates from this period showed that the inscription was engraved directly into the metal.Brekle 2011, pp. 2f. The

Prüfening dedicatory inscription The Prüfening dedicatory inscription (german: Prüfeninger Weiheinschrift) is a high medieval inscription impressed on clay which was created in 1119, over three hundred years before Johannes Gutenberg, by the typographic principle. The inscr ...

of 1119 is another early example of typographic text production in the Latin West.Brekle 2005, pp. 22–25 It differs in some technical details though: its plate is made of clay, not silver, and the inscription was created in low relief with (wooden) stamps, not metal punches.

References

Sources

* Brekle, Herbert E.:
Die typographische Herstellungstechnik der Inschriften auf dem silbernen Altaraufsatz im Dom von Cividale
', Regensburg 2011 * Brekle, Herbert E.: ''Die Prüfeninger Weiheinschrift von 1119. Eine paläographisch-typographische Untersuchung'', Scriptorium Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft, Regensburg 2005, * Cuscito, Giuseppe: "La pala di Pellegrino II nel duomo di Cividale", ''Studi cividalesi'', Antichità altoadriatiche, Vol. 7 (1975), pp. 99–108 * Koch, Walter: ''Literaturbericht zur mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Epigraphik (1985−1991)'',

Monumenta Germaniae Historica The ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (''MGH'') is a comprehensive series of carefully edited and published primary sources, both chronicle and archival, for the study of Northwestern and Central European history from the end of the Roman Empire ...

: Hilfsmittel, Vol. 14, Munich 1994, , p. 213 * Lipinsky, Angelo: "La pala argentea del patriarca Pellegrino nella collegiata di Cividale e le sue iscrizioni con caratteri mobili", ''Ateneo Veneto'', Vol. 24 (1986), pp. 75–80 * Pertoldi, Rudy: "La 'pala' in argento dorato della basilica di S. Maria Assunta a Cividale del Friuli ed il suo committente, il patriarca Pellegrino II", ''Forum Iulii'', Vol. 21 (1997), pp. 91–113 * Visintini, Maria: "Alcune osservazioni sulla grande 'tabula argentea' del patriarca Pellegrino II", ''Forum Iulii'', Vol. 31 (2007), pp. 39–72

External links

* Gabinetto fotografico nazionale
Complete view of the altarpiece
(9 MB) * Atlante dell'arte italiana

{{DEFAULTSORT:Altarpiece of Pellegrino 02 Altarpieces Cividale del Friuli Jesus in art Virgin Mary in art History of printing Images of saints Medieval Christian inscriptions Medieval Latin inscriptions Patriarchate of Aquileia Triptychs Angels in art