Alnashsky District (russian: Ална́шский райо́н; udm, Алнаш ёрос, ''Alnaš joros'') is an administrativeConstitution of the Udmurt Republic and municipalLaw #64-RZ district (

raion A raion (also spelt rayon) is a type of administrative unit of several post-Soviet states. The term is used for both a type of subnational entity and a division of a city. The word is from the French (meaning 'honeycomb, department'), and is co ...

), one of the

twenty-five Twenty-Five or 25 may refer to: *25 (number), the natural number following 24 and preceding 26 * one of the years 25 BC, AD 25, 1925, 2025 Music * ''Twenty Five'' (album), a 2006 greatest hits album by George Michael ** ''Twenty Five'' (DVD), rel ...

in the

Udmurt Republic Udmurtia (russian: Удму́ртия, r=Udmúrtiya, p=ʊˈdmurtʲɪjə; udm, Удмуртия, ''Udmurtija''), or the Udmurt Republic (russian: Удмуртская Республика, udm, Удмурт Республика, Удмурт � ...

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...

. It is located in the south of the republic. The area of the district is . Its

administrative center An administrative center is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune A commune is an alternative term for an intentional community. Commune or comună or ...

is the

rural locality In general, a rural area or a countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. Typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements. Agricultural areas and areas with forestry typically are describ ...

(a '' selo'') of

Alnashi Alnashi (russian: Алнаши, udm, Алнаш, ''Alnaš'') is a ''selo'' (larger village) in Alnashsky District, Udmurt Republic, Russia. It is located by the confluence of rivers Toyma and . Its recorded history traces back to 1716. It was ...

.Law #46-RZ

Geographic information

The district is bordered by Grakhovsky District of

Udmurtia Udmurtia (russian: Удму́ртия, r=Udmúrtiya, p=ʊˈdmurtʲɪjə; udm, Удмуртия, ''Udmurtija''), or the Udmurt Republic (russian: Удмуртская Республика, udm, Удмурт Республика, Удмурт � ...

in the west, Mozhginsky District of

in the north, also by

Agryzsky District Agryzsky District (russian: Агрызский райо́н; tt-Cyrl, Әгерҗе районы, ''Ägerce rayonı'') is a territorial administrative unit and municipality of the Republic of Tatarstan within the Russian Federation. The district is ...

of the Republic of

Tatarstan The Republic of Tatarstan (russian: Республика Татарстан, Respublika Tatarstan, p=rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə tətɐrˈstan; tt-Cyrl, Татарстан Республикасы), or simply Tatarstan (russian: Татарстан, tt ...

in the east and by Mendeleevsky District of

in the south-west. The area of the district is 896 square kilometers.''Федеральная служба государственной статистики'
База данных муниципальных образований
br />Для вывода информации необходимо заполнить поисковые поля.

Relief and Soil

The district is located in the Mozhga Hills that is a weak-high plain with calm character of relief. At the preagricultural time in the vegetative cover

fir Firs (''Abies'') are a genus of 48–56 species of evergreen coniferous trees in the family (biology), family Pinaceae. They are found on mountains throughout much of North America, North and Central America, Europe, Asia, and North Africa. The ...

spruce A spruce is a tree of the genus ''Picea'' (), a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the Earth. ''Picea'' is the sole genus in the subfami ...

forests with broad-leaved trees (

lime tree ''Tilia'' is a genus of about 30 species of trees or bushes, native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The tree is known as linden for the European species, and basswood for North American species. In Britain and Ireland they ...

maple ''Acer'' () is a genus of trees and shrubs commonly known as maples. The genus is placed in the family Sapindaceae.Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 nd more or less continuously updated since http ...

oak An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus ''Quercus'' (; Latin "oak tree") of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 500 extant species of oaks. The common name "oak" also appears in the names of species in related genera, notably ''L ...

elm Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees comprising the flowering plant genus ''Ulmus'' in the plant family Ulmaceae. They are distributed over most of the Northern Hemisphere, inhabiting the temperate and tropical-montane regions of North ...

common hazel ''Corylus avellana'', the common hazel, is a species of flowering plant in the birch family Betulaceae. It is native to Europe and western Asia. It is an important component of the hedgerows that were the traditional field boundaries in lowland En ...

) were dominated. At the present time second aspen-birchen and lime forests are dominated.Удмуртская республика: Энциклопедия / Гл. ред. В. В. Туганаев. Ижевск: Удмуртия, 2000. С. 23-37. . The woodiness - 18,0 %. The district is dominated by Alfisols and sod-calcareous loamy soils that have high natural fertility and are some of the best soils in

Climate

The average annual temperature varies between + 2,3-2,6 °C. The average temperature in January is -14,0-14,2 °C, in July is + 18,9-19,2 °C. The amount of active temperature is 2000–2100 °C. The frost-free period lasts about 130–135 days per year, the annual rainfall is 490–530 mm.

Hydrology

The district is located in the basin of the

Kama ''Kama'' (Sanskrit ) means "desire, wish, longing" in Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, and Sikh literature.Monier Williamsकाम, kāmaMonier-Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary, pp 271, see 3rd column Kama often connotes sensual pleasure, sexual ...

River, the southern boundary of the district runs along the banks of the

Nizhnekamsk reservoir Lower Kama Reservoir or Nizhnekamsk Reservoir (russian: Нижнекамское водоранилище; tt-Cyrl, Түбән Кама сусаклагычы) is the lowest reservoir from the Kama River hydroelectric cascade. It is situated in T ...

. On the territory of Alnashsky District there are rivers - Varzi, Toyma, Alnashka, Varali, Varaga, Utchanka and many others. The average annual runoff of rivers is 4.5-5.0 L / s*km², the density of the river network - 0.58 km / km². At the beginning of 2009, the water fund of the district is 677 hectares.

History

The Alnashsky District was established July 15, 1929 from 15 village Soviets (

Selsoviet Selsoviet ( be, сельсавет, r=sieĺsaviet, tr. ''sieĺsaviet''; rus, сельсовет, p=ˈsʲelʲsɐˈvʲɛt, r=selsovet; uk, сільрада, silrada) is a shortened name for a rural council and for the area governed by such a cou ...

s, or village councils) of the

Alnashskaya volost Alnashsky District (russian: Ална́шский райо́н; udm, Алнаш ёрос, ''Alnaš joros'') is an administrativeConstitution of the Udmurt Republic and municipalLaw #64-RZ district (raion), one of the twenty-five in the Udmurt Rep ...

and the Bolshekib'inskaya volost of the

Mozhginsky Uezd Mozhginsky District (russian: Можги́нский райо́н; udm, Можга ёрос, ''Možga joros'') is an administrativeConstitution of the Udmurt Republic and municipalLaw #41-RZ district (raion), one of the twenty-five in the Udmurt R ...

. At the time in the structure of the district there were included Azamatovsky, Alnashsky, Asanovsky, Bayteryakovsky, Bolshekib'insky, Varzi-Yatchinsky, Voznesensky, Gondyrevsky, Ivanovsky, Kadikovsky, Kucherenovsky, Muvazhinsky, Piseevsky, Staroutchansky, Tutashevsky, Udmurt-Toymobashsky and Chemoshur-Kuyuksky village Soviets. In 1932, in the structure of the district from

the Staroyum'insky village Soviet was additionally passed. In 1937 during the formation of the Pychassky District some village Soviets of the Alnashsky District were passed into its composition. In 1954, there was the consolidation of village Soviets, their number reduced to 10. In 1963, the district was abolished and its territory became a part of the Mozhginsky District, but in 1965 the Alnashsky District was restored. The modern structure of the district was formed as a result of the municipal reform in 2006. At the moment, the district consists of 12 rural settlements.

Population

Population: 22,258 ( 2002 Census); The population of Alnashi accounts for 30.9% of the district's total population. The average population density - 22.77 pers. / km². The district occupies the 11th place in the population and 4th place in the density among the municipal districts of Udmurtia. On January 1, 2013, from 81 Inhabited localities of the district 7 had no permanent population. In 2011, the birth rate was 18,3 ‰, mortality rate - 15,4 ‰, the natural population growth - 2,9 ‰. The population of the district continues to decline due to migration loss (the difference between the number of departures and arrivals on the territory of the district), in 2011 the migration population loss amounted to 511 people. The total number of pensioners in the district is 5440 persons, youth from 18 to 29 years - 5490 persons, voters - 15900 persons.

Ethnic composition

As a result of the 2002 census, among the district population

Udmurts The Udmurts ( udm, Удмуртъёс, ) are a Permian ( Finnic) ethnic group in Eastern Europe, who speak the Udmurt language. In the course of history, Russian-speakers have referred to them as ' (), Otyaks, Wotyaks or Votyaks. Etymology The n ...

turned out 81.7%,

Russians , native_name_lang = ru , image = , caption = , population = , popplace = 118 million Russians in the Russian Federation (2002 ''Winkler Prins'' estimate) , region1 = , pop1 ...

- 12.2%,

Tatars The Tatars ()Tatar
in the Collins English Dictionary is an umbrella term for different

- 3.4%, Mari - 2.1%. :ru:Алнашский район#.D0.9D.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.B0.D0.BB.D1.8C.D0.BD.D1.8B.D0.B9 .D1.81.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.B2 The Alnashsky District is one of 16 rural district of the Udmurt Republic where

make up the majority, as well as one of the four districts of compact residence of

Mari people The Mari ( chm, мари; russian: марийцы, mariytsy) are a Finnic people, who have traditionally lived along the Volga and Kama rivers in Russia. Almost half of Maris today live in the Mari El republic, with significant populations in the ...

. Besides, the Alnashsky District along with the Grakhovsky District and the

Kiznersky District Kiznersky District (russian: Кизне́рский райо́н; udm, Кизнер ёрос, ''Kizner joros'') is an administrativeConstitution of the Udmurt Republic and municipalLaw #62-RZ district (raion), one of the twenty-five in the Udmurt ...

is the residence territory of the

Kryashens Kryashens ( tt-Cyrl, керәшен(нәр), , russian: кряшены; sometimes called ''Baptised Tatars'' (russian: крещёные тата́ры)) are a sub-group of the Volga Tatars, frequently referred to as one of the minority ethnic grou ...

in the rural area of

Jewish community

Of the Jews of Udmurtia, practically all resided in the Alnashsky Raion.Гольдберг-Алтынцев А.В., "Краткий этнографический обзор группы ашкеназских евреев в Алнашском районе Удмуртской Республики / пер. с англ. яз. А.Й. Каца."
Jewish studies in the Udmurt Republic: Online. Part 1. Edited by A. Greenberg. February 27, 2015 published. P. 1-4. Altyntsev A.V., "The Concept of Love in Ashkenazim of Udmurtia and Tatarstan", Nauka Udmurtii. 2013. № 4 (66), p. 131. (Алтынцев А.В.
"Чувство любви в понимании евреев-ашкенази Удмуртии и Татарстана".
Наука Удмуртии. 2013. №4. С. 131: Комментарии.) They spoke

Udmurtish Yiddish dialects are Variety (linguistics), variants of the Yiddish language and are divided according to the region in Europe where each developed its distinctiveness. Linguistically, Yiddish is divided in distinct Eastern and Western dialects. ...

, which is a dialect of

Yiddish Yiddish (, or , ''yidish'' or ''idish'', , ; , ''Yidish-Taytsh'', ) is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews. It originated during the 9th century in Central Europe, providing the nascent Ashkenazi community with a ver ...

(it was very common for Yiddish to adopt characteristics of the local language which is why so many dialects exist), but they also spoke Russian, Tatar, and/or Udmurt.Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V.
"A short ethnographic overview of the Ashkenazic Jews' group in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic".
Die Sammlung der wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten der jungen jüdischen Wissenschaftler. Herausgegeben von Artur Katz, Yumi Matsuda und Alexander Grinberg. München, Dachau, 2015. S. 51.Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., "Some characteristics of the Jews in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic." The youth. The creativity. The science. Edited by V. Cox, A. Katz and A. Greenberg. Trenton, 2014, p. 28. (גאלדבערג-אלטינצעוו א.ו.
". איניגע באזונדערהייטן פון די יידן אין אלנאשסקער רייאן פון ודמורטישע רעפובליק"
The youth. The creativity. The science. = Die Jugend. Die Kreativität. Die Wissenschaft. = נוער. יצירתיות. מדע Edited by V. Cox, A. Katz and A. Greenberg. Trenton, 2014. P. 28.) Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V.
"A short ethnographic overview of the Ashkenazic Jews' group in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic".
Die Sammlung der wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten der jungen jüdischen Wissenschaftler. Herausgegeben von Artur Katz, Yumi Matsuda und Alexander Grinberg. München, Dachau, 2015. S. 52. The

Ashkenazi Jews Ashkenazi Jews ( ; he, יְהוּדֵי אַשְׁכְּנַז, translit=Yehudei Ashkenaz, ; yi, אַשכּנזישע ייִדן, Ashkenazishe Yidn), also known as Ashkenazic Jews or ''Ashkenazim'',, Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation: , singu ...

in the Alnashsky District first appeared in the early 20th century (in the 1910s and 1920s), in addition to Subbotniks (ethnic Russians who were Jewish by religion) who periodically came on vacation or work. In the 1940–1960s, the max amount of Jews was 25-35 people, owing to five to seven Ashkenazi Jewish families: the Weissbergs, Maltsevs, and Kuznetsovs from the village (село) of Alnashi; the Abramovs from the village (деревня) of Garga; and the Schlossers from the village (selo) of Varzi-Yatchi. The Alnashsky District's Jewry celebrated all Jewish holydays except for Tu Bishvat. The most revered feasts were

Passover Passover, also called Pesach (; ), is a major Jewish holidays, Jewish holiday that celebrates the The Exodus, Biblical story of the Israelites escape from slavery in Ancient Egypt, Egypt, which occurs on the 15th day of the Hebrew calendar, He ...

(Pesach),

Simchat Torah Simchat Torah or Simhat Torah (, lit., "Rejoicing with/of the Torah", Ashkenazi: ''Simchas Torah'') is a Jewish holiday that celebrates and marks the conclusion of the annual cycle of public Torah readings, and the beginning of a new cycle. Simch ...

(Simches To(y)reh),

Yom Kippur Yom Kippur (; he, יוֹם כִּפּוּר, , , ) is the holiest day in Judaism and Samaritanism. It occurs annually on the 10th of Tishrei, the first month of the Hebrew calendar. Primarily centered on atonement and repentance, the day's ...

(Yom Kipper),

Hanukkah or English translation: 'Establishing' or 'Dedication' (of the Temple in Jerusalem) , nickname = , observedby = Jews , begins = 25 Kislev , ends = 2 Tevet or 3 Tevet , celebrations = Lighting candles each night. ...

and

Purim Purim (; , ; see Name below) is a Jewish holiday which commemorates the saving of the Jews, Jewish people from Haman, an official of the Achaemenid Empire who was planning to have all of Persia's Jewish subjects killed, as recounted in the Boo ...

. The

of the district often mistook the Jews for

Russians , native_name_lang = ru , image = , caption = , population = , popplace = 118 million Russians in the Russian Federation (2002 ''Winkler Prins'' estimate) , region1 = , pop1 ...

, but sometimes for

Russified Russification (russian: русификация, rusifikatsiya), or Russianization, is a form of cultural assimilation in which non-Russians, whether involuntarily or voluntarily, give up their culture and language in favor of the Russian cultur ...

Germans , native_name_lang = de , region1 = , pop1 = 72,650,269 , region2 = , pop2 = 534,000 , region3 = , pop3 = 157,000 3,322,405 , region4 = , pop4 = ...

. By the 1980s, nearly all of the Alnashsky Jews had practically left the

Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...

, but as a result of inter-ethnic members of ethnic Udmurts and ethnic Jewish families, 'a few Jews still lived in the

district A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions o ...

;' these families included the Rogovers, Ivanovs, and a few others.

Sights

On the territory of Alnashsky District, there are the following types of historic, natural and cultural monuments: 1) Protected areas of the Alnashsky District:"Достопримечательности."
Алнашский райнон. * The Varzi-Yatchi sanatorium is a unique therapeutic mud bath. It was founded in the 19th century. * The northern peatbog of Varzi-Yatchi mineral therapeutic muds. * The southern peatbog of Varzi-Yatchi mineral therapeutic muds. * The Kuzebaevo peatbog. * The Muvazhi peatbog. * The Varzibash peatbog. * The Varzino-Alexeevo peatbog. * The Il'insky spring from the village ('' derevnya'') of Il'inskoe. * The spring "Moshchnyy" near from the village ('' derevnya'') of Rozhdestvenskoe. * The Karashurka River is a spawning-ground of

brown trout The brown trout (''Salmo trutta'') is a European species of salmonid fish that has been widely introduced into suitable environments globally. It includes purely freshwater populations, referred to as the riverine ecotype, ''Salmo trutta'' morph ...

(''Salmo trutta morfa fario'' (Linnaeus, 1758)). * The Nizhne-Syr'ezskoe urochishche where there is a large diversity of species composition of herbs. 2) Monuments of architecture: * The Svyato-Troitsky temple in the village ('' selo'') of

. It was built in 1836. * The Svyato-Nikolsky temple in the village ('' selo'') of Varzi-Yatchi. * The wooden church in the village ('' selo'') of Klyuchovka. * The wooden mosque in the village ('' derevnya'') of Tatarsky Toymobash. 3) Monuments of folk architecture: * The wooden windmill in the village ('' derevnya'') of Shadrasak-Kib'ya. It was built in the 19th century. * The peasant's house of the Dmitrievs family in the village ('' derevnya'') of Kuzebaevo. It was built in the 19th century. * The peasant's house of the Speranskys family in the village ('' derevnya'') of Muvazhi. It was built in the 19th century. * The building of the primary school in the village ('' derevnya'') of Yattsaz. It was built in the 19th century. * The house of clergyman in the village ('' selo'') of

. It was built in the 19th century. The address of the house is 427880,

, Sadovaya Str., 4. 4) Historic Burials: * The grave of the first udmurt poetess

Ashalchi Oki Ashalchi Oki (16 April 1898, :ru:Кузебаево (Граховский район), Kuzebaevo, Yelabuzhsky Uyezd, Vyatka Governorate, Russian Empire - October 31, 1973, Alnashi, Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Udmurt ASSR) is the lit ...

, the real name is Lina Grigorevna Vekshina (1898–1973), the cemetery of the village ('' selo'') of Alnashi. * The grave of the Udmurtia national poet Herman Alekseevich Khodyrev (1932–1995). 5)

Sacral Sacral may refer to: *Sacred Sacred describes something that is dedicated or set apart for the service or worship of a deity; is considered worthy of spiritual respect or devotion; or inspires awe or reverence among believers. The property ...

territories of the three

pagan Paganism (from classical Latin ''pāgānus'' "rural", "rustic", later "civilian") is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, or ethnic religions other than Judaism. ...

religious formation of southern

udmurts The Udmurts ( udm, Удмуртъёс, ) are a Permian ( Finnic) ethnic group in Eastern Europe, who speak the Udmurt language. In the course of history, Russian-speakers have referred to them as ' (), Otyaks, Wotyaks or Votyaks. Etymology The n ...

(''Lud-vyzhy'', ''Bulda-vyzhy'', ''Byd'z'ym kua-vyzhy'') from near the village ('' derevnya'') of Kuzebaevo where until now the village inhabitants collectively celebrates udmurt pagan holidays (without interruptions since the beginning of the pagan practices on those territories). This feature of the village that makes it a unique place is the rare case of preservation of

ethnic religion In religious studies, an ethnic religion is a religion or belief associated with a particular ethnic group. Ethnic religions are often distinguished from universal religions, such as Christianity or Islam, in which gaining converts is a pri ...

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...

. The Jews called the village of Kuzebaevo וואָסיאַשןדאָרף ''vös'ašndorf'' əˈsʲaʃ(ə)ndɔʁf< Yiddish ''vös'ašn-'' "priestly, sacerdotal (the word was used only in relation to udmurt pagan priests)" < udmurt ''vös'as "pagan priest in udmurt ethnic religion" + Yiddish ''dorf'' "village".Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., Tuganaev V.V
"Brief ecological overview of south-udmurt sacral territory Lud near the village Kuzebaevo of Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic".
The modern rural economy: Actual issues of development. Edited by J. Johnson. Topeka, 2014. P. 39.

References

Notes

Sources

* * * {{coord, 56, 11, N, 52, 28, E, type:adm3rd_source:kolossus-itwiki, display=title Districts of Udmurtia