Sir Almroth Edward Wright (10 August 1861 – 30 April 1947) was a British
bacteriologist
A bacteriologist is a microbiologist, or similarly trained professional, in bacteriology -- a subdivision of microbiology that studies bacteria, typically Pathogenic bacteria, pathogenic ones. Bacteriologists are interested in studying and learnin ...
and
immunologist.
He is notable for developing a system of anti-
typhoid fever
Typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is a disease caused by '' Salmonella'' serotype Typhi bacteria. Symptoms vary from mild to severe, and usually begin six to 30 days after exposure. Often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several ...
inoculation
Inoculation is the act of implanting a pathogen or other microorganism. It may refer to methods of artificially inducing immunity against various infectious diseases, or it may be used to describe the spreading of disease, as in "self-inoculati ...
, recognizing early on that
antibiotics
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention o ...
would create
resistant bacteria, and being a strong advocate for
preventive medicine
Preventive healthcare, or prophylaxis, consists of measures taken for the purposes of disease prevention.Hugh R. Leavell and E. Gurney Clark as "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental hea ...
.
Biography
Wright was born at
Middleton Tyas
Middleton Tyas is a village and civil parish in the Richmondshire district of North Yorkshire, England. It is located near Scotch Corner.
History
The name Middleton is of Anglo-Saxon origin and it means middle-farm or middle-settlement. Tyas i ...
, near
Richmond, North Yorkshire
Richmond is a market town and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England, and the administrative centre of the district of Richmondshire. Historically in the North Riding of Yorkshire, it is from the county town of Northallerton and situated on t ...
into a family of mixed
Anglo-Irish
Anglo-Irish people () denotes an ethnic, social and religious grouping who are mostly the descendants and successors of the English Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. They mostly belong to the Anglican Church of Ireland, which was the establis ...
and
Swedish
Swedish or ' may refer to:
Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically:
* Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland
** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
descent.
[Michael Worboys, 'Wright, Sir Almroth Edward (1861–1947)’, ] He was the son of Reverend
Charles Henry Hamilton Wright
Charles Henry Hamilton Wright (9 March 1836, Dublin – 22 March 1909) was an Irish Anglican clergyman.
Biography
Wright was the second son of barrister Edward Wright and his wife Charlotte. His older brother was Edward Percival Wright. He gradua ...
, deacon of
Middleton Tyas
Middleton Tyas is a village and civil parish in the Richmondshire district of North Yorkshire, England. It is located near Scotch Corner.
History
The name Middleton is of Anglo-Saxon origin and it means middle-farm or middle-settlement. Tyas i ...
, who later served in
Belfast
Belfast ( , ; from ga, Béal Feirste , meaning 'mouth of the sand-bank ford') is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast. It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdo ...
,
Dublin
Dublin (; , or ) is the capital and largest city of Republic of Ireland, Ireland. On a bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the Provinces of Ireland, province of Leinster, bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of th ...
, and
Liverpool
Liverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England. With a population of in 2019, it is the 10th largest English district by population and its metropolitan area is the fifth largest in the United Kingdom, with a popul ...
and managed the
Protestant Reformation Society
George Bourne (1780–1845) was a 19th-century American abolitionist and editor, credited as the first public proclaimer of "immediate emancipation without compensation" of American slaves.
Life
George was born on June 13, 1780, in Westbur ...
. His mother, Ebba Almroth, was the daughter of , Governor of the Swedish Royal Mint in
Stockholm
Stockholm () is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in Sweden by population, largest city of Sweden as well as the List of urban areas in the Nordic countries, largest urban area in Scandinavia. Approximately 980,000 people liv ...
.
Sir Charles Hagberg Wright (obituary)
'. The Times
''The Times'' is a British daily national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title ''The Daily Universal Register'', adopting its current name on 1 January 1788. ''The Times'' and its sister paper ''The Sunday Times'' (fou ...
, 7 March 1940. His younger brother
Charles Theodore Hagberg Wright
Sir Charles Theodore Hagberg Wright, LL.D. (17 November 1862, Middleton Tyas, Yorkshire – 7 March 1940 in London) was the Secretary and Librarian of the London Library from 1893 until his death. He managed expansion of the library and compi ...
became the librarian of the
London Library
The London Library is an independent lending library in London, established in 1841. It was founded on the initiative of Thomas Carlyle, who was dissatisfied with some of the policies at the British Museum Library. It is located at 14 St James's ...
.
In 1882, he graduated from
Trinity College Dublin
, name_Latin = Collegium Sanctae et Individuae Trinitatis Reginae Elizabethae juxta Dublin
, motto = ''Perpetuis futuris temporibus duraturam'' (Latin)
, motto_lang = la
, motto_English = It will last i ...
with
first-class honours
The British undergraduate degree classification system is a grading structure for undergraduate degrees or bachelor's degrees and integrated master's degrees in the United Kingdom. The system has been applied (sometimes with significant variati ...
in modern literature and won a gold medal in modern languages and literature.
Simultaneously he took medicine courses and in 1883 graduated in medicine.
In the late 19th century, Wright worked with the armed forces of Britain to develop vaccines and promote immunisation.
He married Jane Georgina Wilson (1861-1926)
in 1889 and had three children. The first, Edward Robert Mackay Wright (1890-1913), was born in Glebe, Sydney. Second son Leonard Almoth Wilson Wright (1891-1972) was born in Dublin, as was daughter Doris Helena MacNaughton Wright (later Romanes, after whom the
Helena Romanes School was named) (1894-1990).
In 1902, Wright started a research department at
St Mary's Hospital Medical School in
London
London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...
. He developed a system of anti-
typhoid fever
Typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is a disease caused by '' Salmonella'' serotype Typhi bacteria. Symptoms vary from mild to severe, and usually begin six to 30 days after exposure. Often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several ...
inoculation
Inoculation is the act of implanting a pathogen or other microorganism. It may refer to methods of artificially inducing immunity against various infectious diseases, or it may be used to describe the spreading of disease, as in "self-inoculati ...
and brought the humoral and cellular theories of immunity together by showing the cooperation of a substance (that he named
opsonin
Opsonins are extracellular proteins that, when bound to substances or cells, induce phagocytes to phagocytose the substances or cells with the opsonins bound. Thus, opsonins act as tags to label things in the body that should be phagocytosed (i.e. ...
) contained in the serum with the phagocytes against pathogens. Citing the example of the
Second Boer War
The Second Boer War ( af, Tweede Vryheidsoorlog, , 11 October 189931 May 1902), also known as the Boer War, the Anglo–Boer War, or the South African War, was a conflict fought between the British Empire and the two Boer Republics (the Sout ...
, during which many soldiers died from easily preventable diseases, Wright convinced the armed forces that 10 million vaccine doses for the troops in northern France should be produced during
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
. During WWI Wright established a research laboratory attached to the British Expeditionary Force's hospital designated Number 13, General Hospital in
Boulogne-sur-Mer
Boulogne-sur-Mer (; pcd, Boulonne-su-Mér; nl, Bonen; la, Gesoriacum or ''Bononia''), often called just Boulogne (, ), is a coastal city in Northern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department of Pas-de-Calais. Boulogne lies on the ...
. In 1919 Wright returned to St Mary's and remained there until his retirement in 1946. Among the many bacteriologists who followed in Wright's footsteps at St Mary's was
Sir Alexander Fleming
Sir Alexander Fleming (6 August 1881 – 11 March 1955) was a Scottish physician and microbiologist, best known for discovering the world's first broadly effective antibiotic substance, which he named penicillin. His discovery in 1928 of what ...
, who in turn later discovered
lysozyme
Lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17, muramidase, ''N''-acetylmuramide glycanhydrolase; systematic name peptidoglycan ''N''-acetylmuramoylhydrolase) is an antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system. It is a glycoside ...
and
penicillin
Penicillins (P, PCN or PEN) are a group of β-lactam antibiotics originally obtained from ''Penicillium'' moulds, principally '' P. chrysogenum'' and '' P. rubens''. Most penicillins in clinical use are synthesised by P. chrysogenum using ...
. Wright was elected a
Fellow of the Royal Society
Fellowship of the Royal Society (FRS, ForMemRS and HonFRS) is an award granted by the judges of the Royal Society of London to individuals who have made a "substantial contribution to the improvement of natural science, natural knowledge, incl ...
in May 1906.
Leonard Colebrook
Leonard Colebrook FRS ( – ) was an English physician and bacteriologist.
Education
Colebrook was educated at the Grammar School in Guildford (1891–96), Westbourne High School in Bournemouth (1896–99) and Christ's College Blackheath in Ke ...
became his assistant in 1907 and continued working with him until 1929.
Wright warned early on that
antibiotics
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention o ...
would create
resistant bacteria,
something that has proven an increasing danger. He made his thoughts on
preventive medicine
Preventive healthcare, or prophylaxis, consists of measures taken for the purposes of disease prevention.Hugh R. Leavell and E. Gurney Clark as "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental hea ...
influential, stressing preventive measures. Wright's ideas have been re-asserted recently—70 years after his death—by modern researchers in articles in such periodicals as ''
Scientific American
''Scientific American'', informally abbreviated ''SciAm'' or sometimes ''SA'', is an American popular science magazine. Many famous scientists, including Albert Einstein and Nikola Tesla, have contributed articles to it. In print since 1845, it i ...
''. He also argued that microorganisms are vehicles of disease but not its cause, a theory that earned him the nickname "Almroth Wrong" from his opponents. Another derogatory nickname was "Sir Almost Wright".
He also proposed that
logic
Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and informal logic. Formal logic is the science of deductively valid inferences or of logical truths. It is a formal science investigating how conclusions follow from premises ...
be introduced as a part of medical training, but his idea was never adopted. Wright also pointed out that
Pasteur
Louis Pasteur (, ; 27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895) was a French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization, the latter of which was named after ...
and Fleming, although both excellent researchers, had not actually managed to find cures for the diseases for which they had sought cures, but instead had stumbled upon cures for totally unrelated diseases.
Wright was a strong proponent of the
Ptomaine
Foodborne illness (also foodborne disease and food poisoning) is any illness resulting from the spoilage of contaminated food by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites that contaminate food,
as well as prions (the agents of mad cow disease) ...
theory for the cause of
Scurvy
Scurvy is a disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Early symptoms of deficiency include weakness, feeling tired and sore arms and legs. Without treatment, decreased red blood cells, gum disease, changes to hair, and bleeding ...
. The theory was that poorly preserved meats contained alkaloids that were poisonous to humans when consumed. This theory was prevalent when
Robert Falcon Scott
Captain Robert Falcon Scott, , (6 June 1868 – c. 29 March 1912) was a British Royal Navy officer and explorer who led two expeditions to the Antarctic regions: the ''Discovery'' expedition of 1901–1904 and the ill-fated ''Terra Nov ...
planned his fateful expedition to the
Antarctic
The Antarctic ( or , American English also or ; commonly ) is a polar region around Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole. The Antarctic comprises the continent of Antarctica, the Kerguelen Plateau and other ...
in 1911. In 1932, the true cause of the disease was determined to be the deficiency from the diet of a particular
nutrient
A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. The requirement for dietary nutrient intake applies to animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Nutrients can be incorporated into cells for metabolic purposes or excret ...
, now called
Vitamin C
Vitamin C (also known as ascorbic acid and ascorbate) is a water-soluble vitamin found in citrus and other fruits and vegetables, also sold as a dietary supplement and as a topical 'serum' ingredient to treat melasma (dark pigment spots) an ...
(
Ascorbic acid
Vitamin C (also known as ascorbic acid and ascorbate) is a water-soluble vitamin found in citrus and other fruits and vegetables, also sold as a dietary supplement and as a topical 'serum' ingredient to treat melasma (dark pigment spots) an ...
, Scorbic meaning
Scurvy
Scurvy is a disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Early symptoms of deficiency include weakness, feeling tired and sore arms and legs. Without treatment, decreased red blood cells, gum disease, changes to hair, and bleeding ...
).
There is a ward named after him at St Mary's Hospital, Paddington, London.
Women's suffrage
Wright was strongly opposed to women's suffrage. He argued that women's brains were innately different from men's and were not constituted to deal with social and public issues. His arguments were most fully expounded in his book ''
The Unexpurgated Case Against Woman Suffrage'' (1913). In the book, Wright also vigorously opposes the professional development of women.
Rebecca West
Dame Cicily Isabel Fairfield (21 December 1892 – 15 March 1983), known as Rebecca West, or Dame Rebecca West, was a British author, journalist, literary critic and travel writer. An author who wrote in many genres, West reviewed books ...
and
May Sinclair
May Sinclair was the pseudonym of Mary Amelia St. Clair (24 August 1863 – 14 November 1946), a popular British writer who wrote about two dozen novels, short stories and poetry. She was an active suffragist, and member of the Woman Writers' S ...
both wrote articles criticizing Wright's opposition to women's suffrage.
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Charlotte Perkins Gilman (; née Perkins; July 3, 1860 – August 17, 1935), also known by her first married name Charlotte Perkins Stetson, was an American humanist, novelist, writer, lecturer, advocate for social reform, and eugenicist. She wa ...
satirized Wright's opposition to women's suffrage in her novel ''
Herland''.
Bernard Shaw
Wright was a friend of his fellow-Irishman
George Bernard Shaw
George Bernard Shaw (26 July 1856 – 2 November 1950), known at his insistence simply as Bernard Shaw, was an Irish playwright, critic, polemicist and political activist. His influence on Western theatre, culture and politics extended from ...
. He was immortalised as Sir Colenso Ridgeon in the play ''
The Doctor's Dilemma'' written in 1906, which arose from conversations between Shaw and Wright. Shaw credits Wright as the source of his information on medical science: "It will be evident to all experts that my play could not have been written but for the work done by Sir Almroth Wright on the theory and practice of securing immunization from bacterial diseases by the inoculation of vaccines made of their own bacteria." This remark of Shaw's is characteristically ironical. Wright was knighted shortly before the play was written, and Shaw was suspicious of Wright's high reputation (the latter was also known by the nickname Sir Almost Right). The two men met in 1905, and engaged in a long series of robust discussions, involving at one point a challenge from the medical audience that they had "too many patients on our hands already". Shaw's response was to ask what would be done if there was more demand from patients than could be satisfied, and Wright answered: "We should have to consider which life was worth saving." This became the "dilemma" of the play.
Shaw also portrays him in his playlet ''
How These Doctors Love One Another!'' and uses his theory of bacterial mutation in ''
Too True to Be Good''.
Shaw, who campaigned for women's suffrage, strongly disagreed with Wright about women's brains and dismissed his views on the subject as absurd.
Awards
Wright had been honoured for his deeds a total of 29 times in his lifetime – a knighthood, 5 honorary doctorates, 5 honorary orders, 6 fellowships (2 honoraries), 4 prizes, 4 memberships, and 3 medals (
Buchanan Medal
The Buchanan Medal is awarded by the Royal Society "in recognition of distinguished contribution to the medical sciences generally". The award was created in 1897 from a fund to the memory of London physician Sir George Buchanan (1831–1895). It ...
,
Fothergill Gold Medal and a special medal "for the best medical work in connection with the war").
He was nominated 14 times for the Nobel prize from 1906 to 1925.
* 1906
Knighthood
A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a head of state (including the Pope) or representative for service to the monarch, the church or the country, especially in a military capacity. Knighthood finds origins in the Gr ...
* 1906 Fellowship of the
Royal Society of London
The Royal Society, formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences. The society fulfils a number of roles: promoting science and its benefits, re ...
* 1906 Fellowship of the
Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland
The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) is a medical professional and educational institution, which is also known as RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ireland's first private university. It was established in 1784 ...
* 1906 Honorary D.Sc.,
Dublin University
The University of Dublin ( ga, Ollscoil Átha Cliath), corporately designated the Chancellor, Doctors and Masters of the University of Dublin, is a university located in Dublin, Ireland. It is the degree-awarding body for Trinity College Dubl ...
* 1908 The
Fothergill Gold Medal, presented by the
Medical Society of London
The Medical Society of London is one of the oldest surviving medical societies (being organisations of voluntary association, rather than regulation or training) in the United Kingdom.
It was founded in 1773 by the Quaker physician and philanthrop ...
* 1912 The
Freedom of the City of Belfast
The Freedom of the City (or Borough in some parts of the UK) is an honour bestowed by a municipality upon a valued member of the community, or upon a visiting celebrity or dignitary. Arising from the medieval practice of granting respected ...
* 1913 The
Hungarian Prize, presented by the
International Congress in
London
London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...
* 1915 Companion of the
Order of the Bath
The Most Honourable Order of the Bath is a British order of chivalry founded by George I of Great Britain, George I on 18 May 1725. The name derives from the elaborate medieval ceremony for appointing a knight, which involved Bathing#Medieval ...
* 1915 The
Le Conte Prize (50,000 francs), presented by
Institute of France
The (; ) is a French learned society, grouping five , including the Académie Française. It was established in 1795 at the direction of the National Convention. Located on the Quai de Conti in the 6th arrondissement of Paris, the institute m ...
* 1915 The
Belgian Ordre de la Couronne
* 1916 Associate Membership of the
Paris Academie de Medicine
* 1917 The
Buchanan Medal
The Buchanan Medal is awarded by the Royal Society "in recognition of distinguished contribution to the medical sciences generally". The award was created in 1897 from a fund to the memory of London physician Sir George Buchanan (1831–1895). It ...
, presented by the
Royal Society of London
The Royal Society, formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences. The society fulfils a number of roles: promoting science and its benefits, re ...
* 1918 Elected a Corresponding Member of the
Institute of France
The (; ) is a French learned society, grouping five , including the Académie Française. It was established in 1795 at the direction of the National Convention. Located on the Quai de Conti in the 6th arrondissement of Paris, the institute m ...
* 1918 The
Serbian Order of St. Sava
The Royal Order of St. Sava is an Order (distinction), Order of merit, first awarded by the Kingdom of Serbia in 1883 and later by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. It was awarded to nationals and foreigner ...
(1st Class)
* 1919
Knight Commander
Commander ( it, Commendatore; french: Commandeur; german: Komtur; es, Comendador; pt, Comendador), or Knight Commander, is a title of honor prevalent in chivalric orders and fraternal orders.
The title of Commander occurred in the medieval mili ...
of the
Order of the British Empire
The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry, rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations,
and public service outside the civil service. It was established ...
* 1919 Honorary D.Sc.,
Leeds University
, mottoeng = And knowledge will be increased
, established = 1831 – Leeds School of Medicine1874 – Yorkshire College of Science1884 - Yorkshire College1887 – affiliated to the federal Victoria University1904 – University of Leeds
, ...
* 1919 Honorary Fellowship,
Royal Society of Medicine
The Royal Society of Medicine (RSM) is a medical society in the United Kingdom, headquartered in London.
History
The Society was established in 1805 as Medical and Chirurgical Society of London, meeting in two rooms in barristers’ chambers ...
,
London
London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...
* 1920 A special medal awarded by the
Royal Society of Medicine
The Royal Society of Medicine (RSM) is a medical society in the United Kingdom, headquartered in London.
History
The Society was established in 1805 as Medical and Chirurgical Society of London, meeting in two rooms in barristers’ chambers ...
"for the best medical work in connection with the war"
* 1921 Membership
Imperial Society of Medicine,
Constantinople
la, Constantinopolis ota, قسطنطينيه
, alternate_name = Byzantion (earlier Greek name), Nova Roma ("New Rome"), Miklagard/Miklagarth (Old Norse), Tsargrad ( Slavic), Qustantiniya (Arabic), Basileuousa ("Queen of Cities"), Megalopolis (" ...
* 1921 The
Order of Prince Danilo I
The Order of Prince Danilo I ( cnr, Орден Књаза Данила I, translit=Orden Knjaza Danila I) was an order of the Principality and later Kingdom, of Montenegro. It is currently a dynastic order granted by the head of the House of P ...
(1st Class)
* 1924 Doctorate of the
University of Paris
, image_name = Coat of arms of the University of Paris.svg
, image_size = 150px
, caption = Coat of Arms
, latin_name = Universitas magistrorum et scholarium Parisiensis
, motto = ''Hic et ubique terrarum'' (Latin)
, mottoeng = Here and a ...
* 1927 Honorary LL.D. of
Edinburgh University
The University of Edinburgh ( sco, University o Edinburgh, gd, Oilthigh Dhùn Èideann; abbreviated as ''Edin.'' in post-nominals) is a public research university based in Edinburgh, Scotland. Granted a royal charter by King James VI in 1582 ...
and
Queen's University
* 1927 Honorary Membership of the
Viennese Society of Microbiology
* 1931 Honorary Fellowship of
Trinity College Dublin
, name_Latin = Collegium Sanctae et Individuae Trinitatis Reginae Elizabethae juxta Dublin
, motto = ''Perpetuis futuris temporibus duraturam'' (Latin)
, motto_lang = la
, motto_English = It will last i ...
* 1931 Honorary Doctorate of Medicine, the
University of Buenos Aires
The University of Buenos Aires ( es, Universidad de Buenos Aires, UBA) is a public university, public research university in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Established in 1821, it is the premier institution of higher learning in the country and one o ...
* 1932 Fellowship of the
Royal College of Physicians of Ireland
The Royal College of Physicians of Ireland (RCPI), ( ga, Coláiste Ríoga Lianna na hÉireann) is an Irish professional body dedicated to improving the practice of general medicine and related medical specialities, chiefly through the accredit ...
* 1932 The
Stewart Prize, awarded by the
British Medical Association
The British Medical Association (BMA) is a registered trade union for doctors in the United Kingdom. The association does not regulate or certify doctors, a responsibility which lies with the General Medical Council. The association's headquar ...
* 1938 Fellowship of the
Royal College of Physicians of England
Works
Wright's work could be split up into the following three phases
* Early phase (1891–1910) – over 20 medical journal publications, lectures for students and other scientific works
** ''Upon a new septic'' (1891)
** ''On the conditions which determine the distribution of the coagulation'' (1891)
** ''A new method of blood transfusion'' (1891)
** ''Grocers' research scholarship lectures'' (1891)
** ''Lecture on tissue- or cell-fibrinogen'' (1892)
** ''On the leucocytes of peptone and other varieties of liquid extravascular blood'' (1893)
** ''On Haffkine's method of vaccination against Asiatic cholera'' (1893, coauthored with D. Bruce)
** ''Remarks on methods of increasing and diminishing the coagulability of the blood'' (1894)
** ''On the association of serous haemorrhages'' (1896)
** ''A suggestion as to the possible cause of the corona observed in certain after images'' (1897)
** ''On the application of the serum test to the differential diagnosis of typhoid and Malta fever'' (1897)
** ''Remarks on vaccination against typhoid fever'' (1897, coauthored with D. Semple)
** ''An experimental investigation on the role of the blood fluids in connection with phagocytosis'' (1903, coauthored with
Stewart Rankin Douglas)
** ''On the action exerted upon the tubercle bacillus by human blood fluids'' (1904, coauthored with
Stewart Rankin Douglas)
** ''A short treatise on anti-typhoid inoculation'' (1904)
** ''On the possibility of determining the presence or absence of tubercular infection'' (1906, coauthored with S. T. Reid)
** ''On spontaneous phagocytosis'' (1906, coauthored with S. T. Reid)
** ''Studies on immunisation and their application to the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections'' (1909)
** ''Vaccine therapy—its administration, value, and limitations'' (1910)
** ''Introduction to vaccine therapy'' (1920)
* War phases (1914–1918 and 1941–1945) – mostly works about wounds, wound infections and new perspectives on the topic
** ''Wound infections and some new methods'' (1915)
** ''Conditions which govern the growth of the bacillus of "Gas Gangrene"'' (1917)
** ''Pathology and Treatment of War Wounds'' (1942)
** ''Researches in Clinical Physiology'' (1943)
** ''Studies on Immunization'' (2 vol., 1943–1944)
* Philosophy phase (1918–1941 and 1945–1947) – more or less philosophic works, including thoughts on logic, equality, science and scientific methods
** ''
The Unexpurgated Case against Woman Suffrage'' (1913)
** ''The Conditions of Medical Research'' (1920)
** ''Alethetropic Logic : a posthumous work'' (1953, presented by Giles J. Romanes)
* Handbooks
** ''Principles of microscopy : being a handbook to the microscope'' (1906)
** ''Technique of the teat and capillary glass tube'' (1912)
Bibliography
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* The Plato of Praed street: the life and times of Almroth Wright. M.S.Dunnill. RSM Press 2000
See also
*
Frederick F. Russell
References
External links
*
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wright, Almroth
1861 births
1947 deaths
People from Richmond, North Yorkshire
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
British immunologists
British microbiologists
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Vaccinologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Honorary Fellows of Trinity College Dublin
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
People from Richmondshire (district)
Typhoid fever
Physicians of St Mary's Hospital, London
Almroth