''Allocasuarina verticillata'', commonly known as drooping she-oak or drooping sheoak, is a

nitrogen fixing Nitrogen fixation is a chemical process by which molecular nitrogen (), with a strong triple covalent bond, in the Atmosphere of Earth, air is converted into ammonia () or related nitrogenous compounds, typically in soil or aquatic systems but al ...

native tree of southeastern

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

. Originally collected in Tasmania and described as ''Casuarina verticillata'' by French naturalist

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck (; ), was a French naturalist, biologist, academic, and soldier. He was an early proponent of the idea that biologi ...

in 1786, it was moved to its current genus in 1982 by Australian botanist

Lawrie Johnson Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson FAA, (26 June 1925 – 1 August 1997) known as Lawrie Johnson, was an Australian taxonomic botanist. He worked at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, for the whole of his professional career, as a botanist (1948� ...

. The 1889 book ''The Useful Native Plants of Australia'' records common names of the plant included "Shingle Oak," "Coast She-oak," " River Oak," " Salt-water Swamp Oak" and was called "Worgnal" by the Indigenous people of the Richmond and Clarence River areas of New South Wales. It also records that, "In cases of severe thirst, great relief may be obtained from chewing the foliage of this and other species, which, being of an acid nature, produces a flow of saliva—a fact well-known to bushmen who have traversed waterless portions of the country. This acid is closely allied to citric acid, and may prove identical with it. Children chew the young cones, which they call 'oak apples'." It grows as a small tree with a rounded habit, reaching 4–10 metres (12–35 ft) in height. The species occurs in Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, and Victoria. On Kangaroo Island, it is the preferred food item of the

Glossy Black Cockatoo The glossy black cockatoo (''Calyptorhynchus lathami''), is the smallest member of the subfamily Calyptorhynchinae found in eastern Australia. Adult glossy black cockatoos may reach in length. They are sexually dimorphic. Males are blackish bro ...

, which holds the cones in its foot and shreds them with its powerful bill before removing the seeds with its tongue.

Description

''Allocasuarina verticillata'' is a dioecious tree from 4 to 10 m tall with woody penultimate branchlets. The bark is fissured and the branchlets droop. The branchlets are up to 40 cm long, with internodes being from 10 to 40 mm long and 0.7–1.5 mm in diameter, broader at the end near teeth, and generally densely pubescent in the furrows, with ribs slightly rounded and a minutely roughened keel. Leaves are reduced to small teeth at the end of nodes. The teeth (8–)9–13, are spreading, not overlapping and about 1 mm long. Male spikes are from 3–12 cm long, with 2–4 whorls per cm and anthers 1–2.5 mm long. Female inflorescence are often located on older branches (towards the inner of the tree). Each female flower consist of one ovary (with two fused carpels, although only one fully develops) and two styles after fertilisation. The styles are red in colour, giving the overall inflorescence a red colour. The whole structure then becomes woody, developing into a cone. The cones are cylindrical to barrel-shaped, longer than broad, sessile or on peduncle to 10 mm long with the body of the cone being 20–50 mm long and 17–30 mm in diameter. The valves are in several rows, sometimes extending well beyond cone body, broadly acute to acute, and often pointed. The winged seeds are from 7 to 12 mm long and very dark brown. The plant flowers all year round. File:Allocasuarina verticillata - woody branchlets.jpg, The penultimate woody branchlets of ''Allocasuarina verticillata'' File:Allocasuarina verticillata - Internodes.jpg, The photosythetic stems (

phylloclade Phylloclades and cladodes are flattened, photosynthetic shoots, which are usually considered to be modified branches. The two terms are used either differently or interchangeably by different authors. ''Phyllocladus'', a genus of conifer, is name ...

s) of ''Allocasuarina verticilllata'' File:Drooping Sheoak (15607090214).jpg, Emerging internodes, broader at the end near teeth File:Allocasuarina verticilliata (Drooping she-oak) Female Flowers - Steiglitz, Victoria Australia (4804370714).jpg, The female inflorescence, consisting of multiple red styles File:Female inflorescence and cone development of Allocasuarina verticillata.jpg, The female inflorescence and early stages of cone development on inner branches File:Allocasuarina verticillata cones.jpg, The cones of various shapes and sizes that form the leaf litter

References

External links

Occurrence data for ''Allocasuarina verticillata''
from The Australasian Virtual Herbarium {{Taxonbar, from=Q4732995 verticillata Fagales of Australia Trees of Australia Flora of the Australian Capital Territory Flora of New South Wales Flora of South Australia Flora of Tasmania Flora of Victoria (Australia) Dioecious plants