Allioideae is a subfamily of

monocot Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, ( Lilianae '' sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute on ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. They include all forbs (flowering plants without a woody stem), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of ...

s in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Amaryllidaceae The Amaryllidaceae are a family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous (rarely rhizomatous) flowering plants in the monocot order Asparagales. The family takes its name from the genus '' Amaryllis'' and is commonly known as the amaryl ...

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...

Asparagales Asparagales (asparagoid lilies) is an order of plants in modern classification systems such as the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Web. The order takes its name from the type family Asparagaceae and is placed in t ...

. It was formerly treated as a separate family, Alliaceae. The subfamily name is derived from the generic name of the

type Type may refer to: Science and technology Computing * Typing, producing text via a keyboard, typewriter, etc. * Data type, collection of values used for computations. * File type * TYPE (DOS command), a command to display contents of a file. * Ty ...

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

, ''

Allium ''Allium'' is a genus of monocotyledonous flowering plants that includes hundreds of species, including the cultivated onion, garlic, scallion, shallot, leek, and chives. The generic name ''Allium'' is the Latin word for garlic,Gledhill, ...

''. It is composed of about 18 genera.

Description

The subfamily contains both well-known garden plants and

weed A weed is a plant considered undesirable in a particular situation, "a plant in the wrong place", or a plant growing where it is not wanted.Harlan, J. R., & deWet, J. M. (1965). Some thoughts about weeds. ''Economic botany'', ''19''(1), 16-24. ...

s, such as '' Nothoscordum''.

Taxonomy

When

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, t ...

formerly described the type genus ''Allium'' in his ''

Species Plantarum ' (Latin for "The Species of Plants") is a book by Carl Linnaeus, originally published in 1753, which lists every species of plant known at the time, classified into genera. It is the first work to consistently apply binomial names and was the ...

'' in 1753, thirty species had this name. He placed ''Allium'' in a grouping he referred to as ''Hexandria monogynia'' (i.e. six

stamens The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filam ...

and one

pistil Gynoecium (; ) is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds. The gynoecium is the innermost whorl of a flower; it consists of (one or more) '' pis ...

) containing 51 genera in all. In 1763,

Michel Adanson Michel Adanson (7 April 17273 August 1806) was an 18th-century French botanist and naturalist who traveled to Senegal to study flora and fauna. He proposed a "natural system" of taxonomy distinct from the binomial system forwarded by Linnaeus. ...

, who proposed the concept of families of plants, included ''Allium'' and related genera as a grouping within

Liliaceae The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a f ...

as Section IV, ''Les Oignons'' (Onions), or ''Cepae'' in Latin.

De Jussieu De Jussieu, the name of a French family which came into prominence towards the close of the sixteenth century, and was known for a century and a half for the botanists it produced. The following are its more eminent members: *Antoine de Jussieu ( ...

is officially recognised as the first formal establishment of the suprageneric grouping into families (Ordo) in 1789. In this system ''Allium'' was one of fourteen genera in Ordo VI, ''Asphodeles'' (Asphodeli), of the third class (''Stamina epigyna'') of

Monocots Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, ( Lilianae ''sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one of ...

. In 1786, the Allioideae were first described by their type genus as Alliaceae by

Batsch August Johann Georg Karl Batsch (28 October 1761 – 29 September 1802) was a German naturalist. He was a recognised authority on mushrooms, and also described new species of ferns, bryophytes, and seed plants. Life and career Batsch was born ...

. In 1797, after the appearance of the Jussieu system, this was validated by

Borkhausen Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen (3 December 1760, Giessen – 30 November 1806, Darmstadt) was a German naturalist and forester. He took part in the production of ' by Johann Conrad Susemihl. He received his education in Giessen, and in 1796 started ...

Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire (October 29, 1772 – 1845) was a French naturalist and artist, born in Grasse, France. Biography Born as ''Jaume'', he added ''Saint-Hilaire'' later. Some biographers indicate that this addition was to dist ...

(1805), who developed the concept of

, continued Jussieu's treatment of ''Allium'' under Asphodeli (which he considered

synonymous A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are all ...

with Adanson's Liliaceae and Jussieu's Asphodeli). He placed ''Allium'' in an unnamed

monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispec ...

section of Asphodeli defined as ''Fleurs en ombelle, racine bulbeuse. Calice à six parties egales'' ( umbellate flowers, bulbous,

calyx Calyx or calyce (plural "calyces"), from the Latin ''calix'' which itself comes from the Ancient Greek ''κάλυξ'' (''kálux'') meaning "husk" or "pod", may refer to: Biology * Calyx (anatomy), collective name for several cup-like structures ...

of six equal parts). Subsequently,

de Candolle Augustin Pyramus (or Pyrame) de Candolle (, , ; 4 February 17789 September 1841) was a Swiss botanist. René Louiche Desfontaines launched de Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at a herbarium. Within a couple of years de Candoll ...

reverted the family name back to Liliaceae from Asphodeli. He divided the Liliaceae into a series of Ordres, and the second ordre was named ''Asphodèles'', based on Jussieus' family of that name, in which he placed ''Allium''. The term 'Alliaceae' then reappeared in its subfamilial form, Allieae, in Dumortier's ''Florula Belgica'' (1827), with six genera. The 'Alliaceae' have been treated as Allieae within the family Liliaceae (or Aspholecaceae, a partial synonym) by most authorities since. In 1830, Lindley, the first English systematist, considered Alliaceae to be part of the tribe Asphodeleae, separating them from the Liliaceae as he understood them. He also described the closely related Gilliesieae (p. 274), which with the Allieae would later migrate to Amaryllidaceae.By the time of his final work in 1846 he realised that the Liliaceae, which had expanded greatly were very diverse in circumscription with many subdivisions, and were already

paraphyletic In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...

("catch-all"). He absorbed Asphodeleae into this family and created a suborder of Scilleae, which he considered equivalent to Link's Allieae. By the time of the next major British (though written in Latin) classification, that of Bentham and Hooker (1883), the Allieae had become one of 20 tribes within Liliaceae. The Allieae included Lindley's Gilliesieae as one of its four subtribes. Similarly in the German language literature, Engler's classification (1903) treated Allieae and Gilliesiae as tribes of subfamily Allioideae, within Liliaceae.

Modern era

In the early 20th century, doubts were expressed about the placement of the alliaceous genera within Liliaceae, based solely on the position of the

ovary The ovary is an organ in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum. When released, this travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it may become fertilized by a sperm. There is an ovary () found on each side of the bod ...

Lotsy Johannes Paulus Lotsy or Jan Paulus Lotsy (11 April 1867 – 17 November 1931) was a Dutch botanist, specializing in evolution and heredity. He promoted the idea of evolution being driven by hybridization. Career Lotsy was born into a wealthy ...

was the first taxonomist to propose separating them, and in his system he describes Alliaceae and Gilliesiaceae as new and separate families from Liliaceae (1911). This approach was later adopted by a number of other authorities, such as Dahlgren (1985) and Rahn (1998). In 1926, John Hutchinson moved the tribes Allieae and Gilliesieaes from Liliaceae to the Amaryllidaceae, although this was not universally adopted. Thus, Allieae were variously treated as either Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, or Alliaceae. Further examination of the heterogeneity of the Liliaceae by Huber (1969) supported the removal of these two tribes, into Alliaceae and this family was treated as an independent entity from then onwards with the exception of Cronquist who reverted to a very broad concept of Liliaceae. In 1985, Dahlgren, Clifford, and Yeo continuing the work of Huber, but with a more

cladistic Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups (" clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived ch ...

approach, defined the Alliaceae to include all of the genera that are now included in Allioideae (30 genera, 720 species), plus ''

Agapanthus ''Agapanthus'' is a genus of plants, the only one in the subfamily Agapanthoideae of the family Amaryllidaceae. The family is in the monocot order Asparagales. The name is derived from Greek: ἀγάπη (''agapē'' – "love"), ἄνθος ( ...

'' and a group of genera that are now placed in Themidaceae, or its equivalent, the subfamily Brodiaeoideae of

Asparagaceae Asparagaceae, known as the asparagus family, is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. The family name is based on the edible garden asparagus, '' Asparagus officinalis''. Those who live in the temperate ...

. They divided Alliaceae into three subfamilies:

Agapanthoideae Agapanthoideae is a monotypic subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, order Asparagales. It is one of three subfamilies of Amaryllidaceae. It was formerly treated as a separate family, Agapanthaceae. The subfamil ...

, Allioideae, and

Gilliesioideae Gilliesieae is a tribe of herbaceous geophyte plants belonging to the subfamily Allioideae of the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae). Described in 1826, it contains fifteen genera and about eighty species. It has been variously treated as a subfa ...

. Agapanthoideae consisted of two genera (''Agapanthus'' and ''

Tulbaghia ''Tulbaghia'' (wild garlic or society garlic) is a genus of monocotyledonous herbaceous perennial bulbs native to Africa, belonging to the amaryllis family. It is one of only two known genera in the society garlic tribe within the onion ...

''). Allioideae contained two tribes, Brodiaeeae (ten genera) and a broadly defined Allieae, which they considered distinct enough to alternatively consider as subfamilies in their own right. Gilliesioideae was composed of about half of the genera now placed in Gilliesieae, the rest being assigned to Allieae.

Phylogenetic analyses

In 1996, a

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

study of the'' rbcL''

gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a b ...

showed that ''Agapanthus'' was misplaced in Alliaceae, and the authors excluded it from the family. They also raised Brodiaeeae to family rank as Themidaceae. They reduced the tribe Allieae to two genera, ''Allium'' and ''Milula'', and transferred the rest of Allieae to Gilliesieae. This is the circumscription which the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group accepted in the APG classification of 1998 and which later became known as Alliaceae ''sensu stricto''. In the

APG II system The APG II system (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II system) of plant classification is the second, now obsolete, version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy that was published in April 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Gr ...

of 2003, Alliaceae could be recognized ''sensu stricto'' or ''sensu lato'', as mentioned above. Soon after the publication of APG II, the

ICBN The ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'' (ICN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants, fungi and a few other groups of organisms, all those "trad ...

conserved the name Amaryllidaceae for the family that had been called Alliaceae ''sensu lato'' in APG II. When the

APG III system The APG III system of flowering plant classification is the third version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). Published in 2009, it was superseded in 2016 by a fu ...

was published in 2009, the alternative circumscriptions were discontinued and Alliaceae was no longer recognized. Alliaceae ''sensu stricto'' became the subfamily Allioideae of Amaryllidaceae ''sensu lato''. Some botanists have not strictly followed the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and have recognized the smaller version of Alliaceae at family rank.Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). ''Flowering Plants'' second edition (2009). Springer Science+Business Media. . Successive revisions of the

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that reflects new knowledge about plant relationships dis ...

(APG) classification have changed the circumscription of the family. In the

1998 1998 was designated as the ''International Year of the Ocean''. Events January * January 6 – The ''Lunar Prospector'' spacecraft is launched into orbit around the Moon, and later finds evidence for frozen water, in soil in permanently s ...

version, Alliaceae were a distinct family; in the

2003 File:2003 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: The crew of STS-107 perished when the Space Shuttle Columbia Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, disintegrated during reentry into Atmosphere of Earth, Earth's atmosphere; SARS became an 2002– ...

version, combining the Alliaceae with the Agapanthaceae and the Amaryllidaceae ''sensu stricto'' was recommended but optional; in the

2009 File:2009 Events Collage V2.png, From top left, clockwise: The vertical stabilizer of Air France Flight 447 is pulled out from the Atlantic Ocean; Barack Obama becomes the first African American to become President of the United States; 2009 Iran ...

version, only the broad circumscription of the Amaryllidaceae is allowed, with the Alliaceae reduced to a subfamily, Allioideae. Quite a few of the plants that were once included in family Alliaceae have been assigned to the subfamily Brodiaeoideae (rather than the subfamily Allioideae). The largest genera are ''Allium'' (260–690 species), ''Nothoscordum'' (25), and ''Tulbaghia'' (22). Some of the generic limits are not clear. ''Ipheion'', ''Nothoscordum'', and possibly others are not

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic ...

.Michael F. Fay, Paula J. Rudall, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Molecular studies of subfamily Gilliesioideae (Alliaceae)". ''Aliso'' 22(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):367–371. ISSN 0065-6275.

Subdivision

Allioideae is divided into four

tribes The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in part due to confl ...

: Allieae, Tulbaghieae, Gilliesieae and Leucocoryneae. The first three correspond to the three subfamilies under the older family Alliaceae (Alliodiae, Tulbaghioideae and Gilliesioideae). Leucocoryneae was added in 2014 by dividing Gilliesieae into two separate tribes, corresponding to the original tribes within Gilliesioideae, elevating Iphiae ''

nom. nud. In taxonomy, a ''nomen nudum'' ('naked name'; plural ''nomina nuda'') is a designation which looks exactly like a scientific name of an organism, and may have originally been intended to be one, but it has not been published with an adequate descr ...

'' to tribe Leucocoryneae. Allieae contains only one genus ''Allium'' (''Milula'' is merged with ''Allium'' in the latest systems). Tulbaghieae contains two genera, ''Tulbaghia'' and ''Prototulbaghia''. Gilliesieae and Leucocoryneae contain the remaining fifteen genera. Allieae is

sister A sister is a woman or a girl who shares one or more parents with another individual; a female sibling. The male counterpart is a brother. Although the term typically refers to a familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to refer to ...

to a clade composed of Tulbaghieae and Gilliesieae.J. Chris Pires, Ivan J. Maureira, Thomas J. Givnish, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Ole Seberg, Gitte Petersen, Jerrold I. Davis, Dennis W. Stevenson, Paula J. Rudall, Michael F. Fay, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Phylogeny, genome size, and chromosome evolution of Asparagales". ''Aliso'' 22(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):287–304. ISSN 0065-6275.

Allieae

Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long,

tepals A tepal is one of the outer parts of a flower (collectively the perianth). The term is used when these parts cannot easily be classified as either sepals or petals. This may be because the parts of the perianth are undifferentiated (i.e. of very ...

free and corona absent.

Spathe In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale. Bracts are usually different from foliage leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or o ...

formed from 2–5

bracts In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale. Bracts are usually different from foliage leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or o ...

Style Style is a manner of doing or presenting things and may refer to: * Architectural style, the features that make a building or structure historically identifiable * Design, the process of creating something * Fashion, a prevailing mode of clothing ...

position apical relative to ovary.

Ovary The ovary is an organ in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum. When released, this travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it may become fertilized by a sperm. There is an ovary () found on each side of the bod ...

usually has two, four or numerous

ovules In seed plants, the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. It consists of three parts: the '' integument'', forming its outer layer, the '' nucellus'' (or remnant of the megasporangium), and the ...

per

locule A locule (plural locules) or loculus (plural loculi) (meaning "little place" in Latin) is a small cavity or compartment within an organ or part of an organism (animal, plant, or fungus). In angiosperms (flowering plants), the term ''locule'' usu ...

in two longitudinal rows. One genus and over 500 species. Distributed over all the Northern hemisphere.

Gilliesieae

Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long,

more or less fused and corona absent.

formed from 1–2

more or less gynobasic.

usually has two

per

, side by side.

Floral symmetry Floral symmetry describes whether, and how, a flower, in particular its perianth, can be divided into two or more identical or mirror-image parts. Uncommonly, flowers may have no axis of symmetry at all, typically because their parts are spiral ...

zygomorphic,

septal nectaries Nectar is a sugar-rich liquid produced by plants in glands called nectaries or nectarines, either within the flowers with which it attracts pollinating animals, or by extrafloral nectaries, which provide a nutrient source to animal mutualists ...

absent. Nine genera native to South America.

Leucocoryneae

Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long,

more or less fused and corona absent.

formed from 1–2

more or less gynobasic.

usually has two

per

, side by side.

actinomorphic, septal nectaries present. Six genera and 42 species, and endemic to South America with the exception of two species of ''Nothoscordum''.

Tulbaghieae

Characterised by

corm A corm, bulbo-tuber, or bulbotuber is a short, vertical, swollen underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ that some plants use to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat ( perennation). The word ...

-shaped

bulb In botany, a bulb is structurally a short stem with fleshy leaves or leaf basesBell, A.D. 1997. ''Plant form: an illustrated guide to flowering plant morphology''. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K. that function as food storage organs du ...

or rhizome. Leaf sheaths short. Flowers possess a corona, pseudocorona or a fleshy perigonal ring. Two genera and about 25 species. Endemic to South Africa.

Genera

, the following eighteen genera are included in the Allioideae: ; Allieae *''

'' L. (includes ''

Milula ''Allium'' is a genus of monocotyledonous flowering plants that includes hundreds of species, including the cultivated onion, garlic, scallion, shallot, leek, and chives. The generic name ''Allium'' is the Latin word for garlic,Gledhill, David ...

'' Prain) ; Gilliesieae *''

Ancrumia ''Solaria'' is a genus of South American plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Allioideae, tribe Gilliesieae, native to Chile and Argentina. The genus is named in honor of Chilean mathematician Francisco Borja de Solar. ;SpeciesRavenn ...

'' Harv. ex Baker *'' Erinna'' Phil. *'' Gethyum'' Phil. *''

Gilliesia ''Gilliesia'' is a genus in the family Amaryllidaceae. The entire genus is native to Chile and Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South A ...

'' Lindl. (including ''Pabellonia'' Quezada & Martic. and ''Stemmatium'' Phil.) *'' Miersia'' Lindl. *''

Schickendantziella ''Schickendantziella'' is a plant genus in the Amaryllidaceae. It has only one species, ''Schickendantziella trichosepala'', native to Argentina and Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt ...

'' Looser *'' Solaria'' Phil. *''

Speea The Society of Professional Engineering Employees in Aerospace (SPEEA), IFPTE Local 2001 is a professional labor union representing more than 24,000 engineers, technical workers and other professionals in the aerospace industry. SPEEA represents e ...

'' Loes. *''

Trichlora ''Trichlora'' is a genus of Peruvian plants in the onion subfamily within the Amaryllis family.Beauverdia'' Herter *''

Ipheion The flowering plant genus ''Ipheion'' (starflower, spring starflower) belongs to Allioideae, a subfamily of the family Amaryllidaceae. The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families no longer recognize the genus, regarding it as a synonym of '' T ...

'' Rafinesque *''

Leucocoryne ''Leucocoryne'' (glory-of-the-sun) is a genus of bulbous perennials in the family Amaryllidaceae. The foliage of all species is long and narrow and has an onion-like scent. The blue, white or lilac flowers are held in umbels. The entire genus is ...

'' Lindl. *'' Nothoscordum'' Kunth. *''

Tristagma ''Tristagma'' is a genus of South American plants in the onion subfamily with the Amaryllis family. It is native to South America (Peru, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay) but one of the species ''( T. uniflorum)'' has become naturalized in various ...

'' Poepp. *''

Zoellnerallium ''Zoellnerallium'' is a genus of perennial herbaceous geophytes in the flowering plant family Amaryllidaceae. It is native to South America. It is included in the tribe Gilliesieae, within the subfamily Allioideae. It is considered to be part of ...

'' Crosa (1975). ; Tulbaghieae *''

'' L. *'' Prototulbaghia'' Vosa

Former genera

The genera ''

Androstephium The genus ''Androstephium'' is a group of North American plants in the Brodiaeoideae, cluster lily subfamily within the Asparagaceae, asparagus family. It contains two species native to the southwestern and south-central United States. ;Species ...

'', '' Bessera'', ''

Bloomeria ''Bloomeria'', a geophyte in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Brodiaeoideae, was named for Hiram Green Bloomer (1819–1874) an early San Francisco botanist. Species It consists of three species native to California and Baja California Ba ...

'', '' Brodiaea'', ''

Dandya ''Dandya'' is a scientific name for two genera of organisms and may refer to: *A genus of prehistoric fishes in the extinct fish family Semionotidae with one species, '' Dandya ovalis'' *A genus of plants in the asparagus family Asparagaceae with ...

'', ''

Dichelostemma ''Dichelostemma'' is a genus of North American plants closely related to the genus ''Brodiaea'' and sometimes regarded as part of that group. ''Dichelostemma'' is classified in the cluster-lily subfamily within the asparagus family. in the l ...

'', ''

Jaimehintonia ''Jaimehintonia'' is a genus of plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Brodiaeoideae, first described in 1993. It contains only one known species, ''Jaimehintonia gypsophila'', endemic to the State of Nuevo León in northeastern Mexico ...

'', '' Milla'', '' Muilla'', ''

Petronymphe ''Petronymphe'' is a genus of flowering plants endemic to Mexico. It is placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Brodiaeoideae Brodiaeoideae are a monocot subfamily of flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, order Asparagales. They ha ...

'', '' Triteleia'', and ''

Triteleiopsis ''Triteleiopsis'', common name Bajalily or blue sand lily, is a genus of one known species of flowering plant found in Sonora, Baja California and southwestern Arizona. In the APG III classification system, it is placed in the family Asparagac ...

'' are now treated in the family Themidaceae (alt.

subfam. Brodiaeoideae). ''Petronymphe'' has been restored to Themidaceae from

Anthericaceae Agavoideae is a subfamily of Monocotyledon, monocot flowering plants in the Family (biology), family Asparagaceae, Order (biology), order Asparagales. It has previously been treated as a separate family, Agavaceae. The group includes many well-kn ...

(now a segregate of Agavaceae). ''

Latace ''Nothoscordum'' is a genus of New World plants in the onion tribe within the Amaryllis family. It is probably paraphyletic.Michael F. Fay, Paula J. Rudall, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Molecular studies of subfamily Gilliesioideae (Alliaceae)". ' ...

'' Phil. is included in '' Nothoscordum''.

Phylogeny

Distribution

Global distribution corresponds to the tribal structure, with the Allieae confined to the Northern hemisphere ( North America, North Africa,

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located enti ...

and

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an ...

), Tulbaghieae to South Africa, Gilliesieae to South America, and Leucocoryneae to South America with the exception of two species of '' Nothoscordum'' (''N bivalve'', ''N. gracile'') which extend to southern North America. Thus fourteen of the total of 18

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial ...

are

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found els ...

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the souther ...

,Knud Rahn. 1998. "Alliaceae" pages 70–78. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor) with Klaus Kubitzki, Herbert F.J. Huber, Paula J. Rudall, Peter F. Stevens, and Thomas Stützel (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.

Uses

Some of the

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...

of ''

'' are important

food plants A crop is a plant that can be grown and harvested extensively for profit or subsistence. When the plants of the same kind are cultivated at one place on a large scale, it is called a crop. Most crops are cultivated in agriculture or hydroponics ...

for example

onion An onion (''Allium cepa'' L., from Latin ''cepa'' meaning "onion"), also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of the genus ''Allium''. The shallot is a botanical variety of the oni ...

s (''Allium cepa''),

chives Chives, scientific name ''Allium schoenoprasum'', is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae that produces edible leaves and flowers. Their close relatives include the common onions, garlic, shallot, leek, scallion, and ...

(''A. schoenoprasum''),

garlic Garlic (''Allium sativum'') is a species of bulbous flowering plant in the genus ''Allium''. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive, Welsh onion and Chinese onion. It is native to South Asia, Central Asia and northe ...

(''A. sativum'' and ''A. scordoprasum''), and

leek The leek is a vegetable, a cultivar of '' Allium ampeloprasum'', the broadleaf wild leek (syn. ''Allium porrum''). The edible part of the plant is a bundle of leaf sheaths that is sometimes erroneously called a stem or stalk. The genus ''All ...

s (''A. porrum''). Species of ''Allium, Gilliesia, Ipheion, Leucocoryne, Nothoscordum'', and ''Tulbaghia'' are cultivated as ornamentals.

Anthony Huxley Anthony Julian Huxley (2 December 1920 – 26 December 1992) was a British botanist. He edited ''Amateur Gardening'' from 1967 to 1971, and was vice-president of the Royal Horticultural Society in 1991. He was the son of Julian Huxley. He was ...

, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. (set).

Notes

References

Bibliography

* * *
Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil. subfam. Alliodieae Herb. Laboratorio de Sistemática de Plantas vasculares, Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República – Uruguay

History

Early

* see

* :
Table of 58 families, Part II: Page 1
:
Table of 1615 genera, Part II: Page 8
* * * * * * * * * *

Twentieth century

* * * * * * * * *
Rahn K. Alliaceae. pp. 70–78
*

Taxonomy

* * *

Description

Taxonomy

Modern era

Phylogenetic analyses

Subdivision

Allieae

Gilliesieae

Leucocoryneae

Tulbaghieae

Genera

Former genera

Phylogeny

Distribution

Uses

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

History

Early

Twentieth century

Taxonomy

Further reading

External links