The Algeciras Conference of 1906 took place in
Algeciras, Spain, and lasted from 16 January to 7 April. The purpose of the conference was to find a solution to the
First Moroccan Crisis of 1905 between
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan ar ...
and
Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG),, is a country in Central Europe. It is the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany lies between the Baltic and North Sea to the north and the Alps to the sou ...
, which arose as Germany responded to France's effort to establish a
protectorate
A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a state that is under protection by another state for defence against aggression and other violations of law. It is a dependent territory that enjoys autonomy over most of its inte ...
over the independent state of
Morocco
Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria ...
.
Germany was not trying to stop French expansion. Its goal was to enhance its own international prestige, and it failed badly. The result was a much closer relationship between France and
Britain
Britain most often refers to:
* The United Kingdom, a sovereign state in Europe comprising the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands
* Great Britain, the largest island in the United King ...
, which strengthened the
Entente Cordiale
The Entente Cordiale (; ) comprised a series of agreements signed on 8 April 1904 between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , United Kingdom and the French Third Republic , French Republic which saw a significant improvement in ...
since both London and Paris were increasingly suspicious and distrustful of Berlin. An even more momentous consequence was the heightened sense of frustration and readiness for war in Germany. It spread beyond the political elite to much of the press and most of the political parties except for the
Liberals and
Social Democrats on the left. The
Pan-German element grew in strength and denounced their government's retreat as treason and stepped up chauvinistic support for war.
Background
Britain and France's ''
Entente Cordiale
The Entente Cordiale (; ) comprised a series of agreements signed on 8 April 1904 between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , United Kingdom and the French Third Republic , French Republic which saw a significant improvement in ...
'' of 1904 had defined diplomatic cooperation between them and recognized British authority over Egypt and French control in Morocco (with some Spanish concessions). Germany saw this development putting an end to the rivalry between Britain and France, which would further isolate Germany in European affairs.
On 31 March 1905, Germany's Kaiser
Wilhelm II
Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor (german: Kaiser) and List of monarchs of Prussia, King of Prussia, reigning from 15 June 1888 until Abdication of Wilhelm II, his abdication on 9 ...
visited Tangier, and delivered a
sabre-rattling speech calling for an international conference to ensure Morocco's independence, with war the alternative. Historian
Heather Jones argues that Germany's use of warlike rhetoric was a deliberate diplomatic ploy:
Another German strategy was to stage dramatic gestures, and dangerously play up the threat of war, in the belief that this would impress upon other European powers the importance of consultation with Germany on imperial issues: the fact that France had not considered it necessary to make a bilateral agreement with Germany over Morocco rankled, especially given Germany was deeply insecure about its newly acquired Great Power status. Hence Germany opted for an increase in belligerent rhetoric and, theatrically, Kaiser Wilhelm II
Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor (german: Kaiser) and King of Prussia, reigning from 15 June 1888 until his abdication on 9 November 1918. Despite strengthening the German Emp ...
dramatically interrupted a Mediterranean cruise to visit Tangier, where he declared Germany's support for the Sultan's independence and integrity of his kingdom, turning Morocco overnight into an international 'crisis.'
German diplomats believed they could convince US President
Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( ; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), often referred to as Teddy or by his initials, T. R., was an American politician, statesman, soldier, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer who served as the 26t ...
to challenge French intervention in Morocco. Roosevelt, then mediating the
Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War ( ja, 日露戦争, Nichiro sensō, Japanese-Russian War; russian: Ру́сско-япóнская войнá, Rússko-yapónskaya voyná) was fought between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire during 1904 and 1 ...
and aware of the U.S. Senate's stance to avoid involvement in European affairs, was disinclined to become involved in the Moroccan crisis. However, with the situation in June 1905 worsening to the point of war between Germany and France (and possibly Britain), in July Roosevelt persuaded the French to attend a January peace conference in Algeciras.
Germany had hoped that the Conference would weaken the Entente Cordiale. Wilhelm II had thought he could form an alliance with France if most of their demands were met.
He also thought that better relations with Russia were possible, because the
Revolution of 1905
The Russian Revolution of 1905,. also known as the First Russian Revolution,. occurred on 22 January 1905, and was a wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire. The mass unrest was directed again ...
and Russo-Japanese War had put them in a weak, ally-hungry position. However, Germany was somewhat excluded in the initial decisions,
and Britain's Foreign Secretary
Sir Edward Grey
Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon, (25 April 1862 – 7 September 1933), better known as Sir Edward Grey, was a British Liberal statesman and the main force behind British foreign policy in the era of the First World War.
An adher ...
showed Britain's support of France in the Conference via meetings with French ambassador
Jules Cambon, which made the Entente Cordiale actually grow stronger.
Following their failed attempt to isolate Britain, Germany furthered the growing
Anglo-German Naval Race with passage of the
Third Naval Law in 1906. The overall contribution towards the outbreak of the
First World War
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fig ...
can then seen to be the separation of Germany and her allies (
Triple Alliance Triple Alliance may refer to:
* Aztec Triple Alliance (1428–1521), Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan and in central Mexico
* Triple Alliance (1596), England, France, and the Dutch Republic to counter Spain
* Triple Alliance (1668), England, the ...
) and Britain, France and Russia, which, the following year, would become the
Triple Entente
The Triple Entente (from French ''entente'' meaning "friendship, understanding, agreement") describes the informal understanding between the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as well as ...
. The next major event to thicken the tension between the two would be the
Bosnian Crisis.
Moroccan delegation
Sultan
Abdelaziz of Morocco was represented by
Muhammad al-Muqri
Haj Muhammad Ben Abdessalam al-Muqri (, February 2, 1854 – September 9, 1957) was a senior Moroccan official of the late 19th and early 20th century. He was an adviser and grand vizier to several sultans of Morocco, including under French colo ...
and
Muhammad Torres.
al-Muqri expressed frustration at the translation situation, commenting: "We're sitting here like statues; we can't understand a thing of what is said." The Moroccan delegation had no choice but to use
Abdelqader Benghabrit, an Algerian translator present at the conference in the service of France.
Another difficulty the Moroccans faced was the difficulty of contacting the sultan, who should have been informed of every detail of what transpired at the conference. The researcher Bazegh Abdessamad wrote:
"No decision could be made—whether affirmative or negative—without his instruction and ordinance. The representatives of the US and European nations could easily contact their capitals to consult their respective governments, while Fes had no telephone or telegraph, nor was it served by any rail or paved road that would allow them to inform the sultan of developments at the conference."
Outcome
The final Act of the conference of Algeciras, signed on 7 April 1906, covered the organisation of Morocco's police and customs, regulations concerning the repression of the smuggling of armaments and concessions to the European bankers from a new
State Bank of Morocco, issuing banknotes backed by
gold
Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from la, aurum) and atomic number 79. This makes it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally. It is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile ...
, with a 40-year term. The new state bank was to act as Morocco's Central Bank, with a strict cap on the spending of the
Sherifian Empire, and administrators appointed by the national banks, which guaranteed the loans: the
German Empire,
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
,
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan ar ...
and
Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' ( Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, ...
. Spanish coinage continued to circulate. The right of Europeans to own land was established, whilst taxes were to be levied towards public works.
The Sultan of Morocco retained control of a police force in the six port cities, which was to be composed entirely of Moroccan
Muslims
Muslims ( ar, المسلمون, , ) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abra ...
(budgeted at an average salary of a mere 1000
pesetas a year) but now to be instructed by French and Spanish officers, who would oversee the paymaster (the ''Amin''), regulate discipline and be able to be recalled and replaced by their governments. The Inspector-General in charge would be
Swiss
Swiss may refer to:
* the adjectival form of Switzerland
* Swiss people
Places
* Swiss, Missouri
*Swiss, North Carolina
* Swiss, West Virginia
* Swiss, Wisconsin
Other uses
* Swiss-system tournament, in various games and sports
*Swiss Internati ...
and reside in
Tangiers.
At the last moment, the Moroccan delegates found that they were unable to sign the final Act, but a decree of
Sultan Abdelaziz of Morocco on 18 June finally ratified it.
Attendees at the conference
*Germany –
Joseph Maria von Radowitz, Jr.
Joseph Maria Friedrich von Radowitz (19 May 1839 – 15 January 1912) was a German diplomat who served as acting Foreign Secretary and head of the Foreign Office from 6 November 1879 until 17 April 1880.
Biography
Radowitz was born in Fr ...
and Christian, Count of Tattenbach
*Austro-Hungary – Rudolph, Count of Welsersheimb and Leopold, Count Bolesta-Koziebrodzki
*Belgium – Baron
Maurice Joostens and Conrad, Count of Buisseret Steenbecque
*Spain – Don
Juan Pérez-Caballero y Ferrer
Juan Pérez-Caballero y Ferrer (8 November 1861, in Madrid – 10 December 1951https://rulers.org/indexp2.html in San Sebastián) was a Spanish politician and diplomat who served three times as Minister of State during the reign of Alfonso XIII ...
and
Juan Manuel Sánchez, Duke of Almodóvar del Río
Don (honorific), Don Juan Manuel Sánchez y Gutiérrez de Castro, ''jure uxoris'' Duke of Almodóvar del Río, Grandee of Spain (15 December 1850, in Jerez de la Frontera, Spain – 23 June 1906, in Madrid, Spain) was a Spanish nobility, noble and ...
*United States –
Henry White and
Samuel R Gummere
*France –
Paul Révoil
Amédée Marie Joseph Paul Révoil (3 May 1856 – 28 April 1914) was a French diplomat and administrator who represented France in Morocco (1896–1901), was Governor General of Algeria (1901–1903) and was French ambassador to Switzerland (1906) ...
and ,
Abdelqader Benghabrit
*United Kingdom –
Arthur Nicolson, 1st Baron Carnock
*Italy –
Emilio, marquis Visconti-Venosta and Giulio Malmusi
*Morocco – El Hadj
Muhammad Torres and El Hadj
Mohammed Ben Abdesselam El Mokri
*Netherlands – Jonkheer Hannibal Testa
*Portugal – (Count of Tovar) and (Count of Martens Ferrão)
*Russian Empire –
Arthur, Count Cassini and Basile de Bacheracht
*Sweden – Robert Sager
See also
*
International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)
International is an adjective (also used as a noun) meaning "between nations".
International may also refer to:
Music Albums
* ''International'' (Kevin Michael album), 2011
* ''International'' (New Order album), 2002
* ''International'' (The T ...
*
Entente Cordiale
The Entente Cordiale (; ) comprised a series of agreements signed on 8 April 1904 between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , United Kingdom and the French Third Republic , French Republic which saw a significant improvement in ...
1904
*
First Moroccan Crisis March 1905–May 1906
*
Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)
*
Hafidiya
*
Second Moroccan Crisis 1911
*
Causes of World War I
The identification of the causes of World War I remains controversial. World War I began in the Balkans on July 28, 1914, and hostilities ended on November 11, 1918, leaving 17 million dead and 25 million wounded. Moreover, the Russian Civil ...
References
Further reading
* Anderson, Eugene N. ''The First Moroccan Crisis, 1904-1906'' (U of Chicago Press, 1930
online* Eastman, Anthony F. "The Algeciras Conference, 1906." ''The Southern Quarterly'' 1 (January 1969):185-20
online* Esthus, Raymond A, ''Theodore Roosevelt and the International Rivalries'' (1970) pp 88–111.
* Fay, Sidney Bradshaw. ''The Origins of the World War'' (Vol. 1. Macmillan, 1930) pp 168–191
online
* Geiss, Immanuel. ''German Foreign Policy 1871 – 1914'' (1976) 133-36.
* Jones, Heather. "Algeciras Revisited: European Crisis and Conference Diplomacy, 16 January-7 April 1906." (EUI WorkingPaper MWP 2009/1, 2009)
online* MacMillan, Margaret. ''The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914''(2012) pp 378--398
* Rogers, Marjorie Lucille, "The conference of Algeciras 1906." (Electronic Theses and Dissertations.
Paper #1884, U of Louisville thesis, 1933). https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/188
online 98pages
External links
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1906 in Morocco
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