Alfred Hitchcock's Rope
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''Rope'' is a 1948 American
psychological Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, including feelings and thoughts. It is an academic discipline of immense scope, crossing the boundaries between t ...
crime thriller film directed by
Alfred Hitchcock Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock (13 August 1899 â€“ 29 April 1980) was an English filmmaker. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of cinema. In a career spanning six decades, he directed over 50 featur ...
, based on the 1929 play of the same name by Patrick Hamilton. The film was adapted by Hume Cronyn with a screenplay by Arthur Laurents.''Rope Unleashed – Making Of'' (2000) – documentary on the Universal Studios DVD of the film. The film was produced by Hitchcock and Sidney Bernstein as the first of their Transatlantic Pictures productions. Starring
James Stewart James Maitland Stewart (May 20, 1908 – July 2, 1997) was an American actor and military pilot. Known for his distinctive drawl and everyman screen persona, Stewart's film career spanned 80 films from 1935 to 1991. With the strong morality h ...
,
John Dall John Dall (born John Dall Thompson; May 26, 1920 – January 15, 1971) was an American actor. Primarily a stage actor, he is best remembered today for two film roles: the cool-minded intellectual killer in Alfred Hitchcock's ''Rope'' (1948), and ...
and Farley Granger, this is the first of Hitchcock's Technicolor films, and is notable for taking place in
real time Real-time or real time describes various operations in computing or other processes that must guarantee response times within a specified time (deadline), usually a relatively short time. A real-time process is generally one that happens in defined ...
and being edited so as to appear as four long shots through the use of stitched together long takes. It is the second of Hitchcock's "limited setting" films, the first being '' Lifeboat'' (1944). The original play was said to be inspired by the real-life murder of 14-year-old
Bobby Franks Nathan Freudenthal Leopold Jr. (November 19, 1904 – August 29, 1971) and Richard Albert Loeb (; June 11, 1905 – January 28, 1936), usually referred to collectively as Leopold and Loeb, were two wealthy students at the University of Chicago ...
in 1924 by University of Chicago students
Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb Nathan Freudenthal Leopold Jr. (November 19, 1904 – August 29, 1971) and Richard Albert Loeb (; June 11, 1905 – January 28, 1936), usually referred to collectively as Leopold and Loeb, were two wealthy students at the University of Chicago ...
.


Plot

Two brilliant young aesthetes, Brandon Shaw and Phillip Morgan, strangle to death their former classmate from
prep school Preparatory school or prep school may refer to: Schools *Preparatory school (United Kingdom), an independent school preparing children aged 8–13 for entry into fee-charging independent schools, usually public schools *College-preparatory school, ...
, David Kentley, in their Manhattan penthouse apartment. They commit the crime as an intellectual exercise: they want to prove their superiority by committing the " perfect murder". After hiding the body in a large antique wooden chest, Brandon and Phillip host a dinner party at the apartment, which has a panoramic view of Manhattan's skyline. The guests, who are unaware of what has happened, include the victim's father, Mr. Kentley, and aunt, Mrs. Atwater; his mother is unable to attend because of a cold. Also present are David's fiancée, Janet Walker, and her former lover, Kenneth Lawrence, who was once David's close friend. Brandon uses the chest containing the body as a buffet table for the food, just before their housekeeper, Mrs. Wilson, arrives to help with the party. Brandon and Phillip's idea for the murder was inspired years earlier by conversations with their prep-school housemaster, publisher Rupert Cadell. While they were at school, Rupert had discussed with them, in an apparently approving way, the intellectual concepts of Nietzsche's
Superman Superman is a superhero who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster, and debuted in the comic book ''Action Comics'' #1 (cover-dated June 1938 and publi ...
, as a means of showing one's superiority over others. He, too, is among the guests at the party since Brandon, in particular, thinks that he would approve of their "work of art." Brandon's subtle hints about David's absence indirectly lead to a discussion on the "art of murder." Brandon appears calm and in control, although when he first speaks to Rupert, he is nervously excited and stammering. Phillip, on the other hand, is visibly upset and morose. He does not conceal it well and starts to drink too much. When David's aunt, Mrs. Atwater, who fancies herself a fortune-teller, tells him that his hands will bring him great fame, she refers to his skill at the piano, but he appears to think this refers to the notoriety of being a strangler. However, much of the conversation focuses on David and his strange absence, which worries the guests. A suspicious Rupert quizzes a fidgety Phillip about this and some of the inconsistencies raised in conversation. For example, Phillip vehemently denies ever strangling a chicken at the Shaws' farm, although Rupert has seen Phillip strangle several. Phillip later complains to Brandon about having had a "rotten evening," not because of David's murder, but because of Rupert's questioning. As the evening goes on, David's father and fiancée begin to worry because he has neither arrived nor phoned. Brandon increases the tension by playing matchmaker between Janet and Kenneth. Mrs. Kentley calls, overwrought because she has not heard from David, and Mr. Kentley decides to leave. He takes with him some books Brandon has given him, tied together with the rope Brandon and Phillip used to strangle his son. When Rupert leaves, Mrs. Wilson accidentally hands him David's monogrammed hat, further arousing his suspicion. Rupert returns to the apartment a short while after everyone else has departed, pretending that he has left his cigarette case behind. He asks for a drink and then stays to theorize about David's disappearance. He is encouraged by Brandon, who hopes Rupert will understand and even applaud them. A drunk Phillip, unable to bear it anymore, throws a glass and accuses Rupert of playing cat-and-mouse games with him and Brandon. Rupert seizes Brandon's gun from Phillip and insists on examining the chest over Brandon's objections. He lifts the lid of the chest and finds the body inside. He is horrified and ashamed, realizing that Brandon and Phillip used his own rhetoric to rationalize murder. Rupert disavows all his previous talk of superiority and inferiority and fires several shots out the window to attract attention. As the police arrive, Rupert sits on a chair next to the chest, Phillip begins to play the piano, and Brandon continues to drink.


Cast

File:James Stewart in Rope trailer.jpg,
James Stewart James Maitland Stewart (May 20, 1908 – July 2, 1997) was an American actor and military pilot. Known for his distinctive drawl and everyman screen persona, Stewart's film career spanned 80 films from 1935 to 1991. With the strong morality h ...
as Rupert Cadell File:John Dall in Rope trailer.jpg,
John Dall John Dall (born John Dall Thompson; May 26, 1920 – January 15, 1971) was an American actor. Primarily a stage actor, he is best remembered today for two film roles: the cool-minded intellectual killer in Alfred Hitchcock's ''Rope'' (1948), and ...
as Brandon Shaw File:Farley Granger 1951 press photo.jpg, Farley Granger as Phillip Morgan
File:Joan Chandler in Rope trailer.jpg,
Joan Chandler Joan Chandler (born Joan Cheeseman; August 24, 1923 – May 11, 1979) was an American actress who notably starred in ''Rope'' (1948) with James Stewart and ''Humoresque'' (1946) with Joan Crawford. The daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Carl Cheeseman, C ...
as Janet Walker File:Cedric Hardwicke in Rope trailer.jpg, Sir Cedric Hardwicke as Mr. Henry Kentley File:Constance Collier in Rope trailer.jpg, Constance Collier as Mrs. Anita Atwater File:Douglas Dick in Rope trailer.jpg,
Douglas Dick Douglas Harvey Dick (November 20, 1920 – December 19, 2015) was an American actor and occasional screenwriter. His most famous role came in the 1948 film ''Rope''. In 1971, Dick left the entertainment industry to work as a psychologist. Early ...
as Kenneth Lawrence File:Edith Evanson in Rope trailer.jpg, Edith Evanson as Mrs. Wilson File:DickHogan.ShedNoTears.1948.jpg, Dick Hogan as David Kentley


Production

The film is one of Hitchcock's most experimental and "one of the most interesting experiments ever attempted by a major director working with big box-office names", abandoning many standard film techniques to allow for the long unbroken scenes. Each shot ran continuously for up to ten minutes (the camera's film capacity) without interruption. It was shot on a single set, aside from the opening establishing shot street scene under the credits. Camera moves were carefully planned and there was almost no editing. The walls of the set were on rollers and could silently be moved out of the way to make way for the camera and then replaced when they were to come back into the shot. Prop men constantly had to move the furniture and other props out of the way of the large Technicolor camera, and then ensure they were replaced in the correct location. A team of soundmen and camera operators kept the camera and microphones in constant motion, as the actors kept to a carefully choreographed set of cues. This filming technique, which conveys the impression of continuous action, also serves to lengthen the duration of the action in the mind of the viewer. In a 2002 article in '' Scientific American'', Antonio Damasio argues that the time frame covered by the movie, which lasts 80 minutes and is supposed to be in "real time", is actually longer—a little more than 100 minutes. This, he states, is accomplished by speeding up the action: the formal dinner lasts only 20 minutes, the sun sets too quickly, and so on. Actor James Stewart found the whole process highly exasperating, saying, "The really important thing being rehearsed here is the camera, not the actors!" Much later Stewart said of the film, "It was worth trying – nobody but Hitch would have tried it. But it really didn't work." The cyclorama in the background was the largest backing ever used on a sound stage. It included models of the Empire State and
Chrysler Stellantis North America (officially FCA US and formerly Chrysler ()) is one of the " Big Three" automobile manufacturers in the United States, headquartered in Auburn Hills, Michigan. It is the American subsidiary of the multinational automoti ...
buildings. Numerous chimneys smoke, lights come on in buildings, neon signs light up, and the sunset slowly unfolds as the movie progresses. Within the course of the film the clouds—made of
spun glass ''Spun'' is a 2002 American black comedy crime drama film directed by Jonas Ã…kerlund from an original screenplay by William De Los Santos and Creighton Vero, based on three days of De Los Santos's life in the Eugene, Oregon, drug subculture. The ...
—change position and shape eight times.


Homosexual subtext

Recent reviews and criticism of ''Rope'' have noticed a homosexual subtext between the characters Brandon and Phillip, even though homosexuality was a highly controversial theme for the 1940s. John Dall, who played Brandon, is believed to have been gay, as were co-star Farley Granger and screenwriter Arthur Laurents. The play on which the film was based explicitly portrays Brandon and Phillip in a homosexual relationship.


Long takes

Hitchcock shot long unbroken takes lasting up to 10 minutes (the length of a film camera magazine) involving carefully choreographed camera and actor movement, though most shots in the film wound up being shorter. Every other segment ends by panning against or tracking into an object—a man's jacket blocking the entire screen, or the back of a piece of furniture, for example. In this way, Hitchcock effectively masked half the cuts in the film. However, at the end of 20 minutes (two magazines of film make one reel of film on the projector in the movie theater), the projectionist—when the film was shown in theaters—had to change reels. On these changeovers, Hitchcock cuts to a new camera setup, deliberately not disguising the cut. A description of the beginning and end of each segment follows. Hitchcock told
François Truffaut François Roland Truffaut ( , ; ; 6 February 1932 – 21 October 1984) was a French film director, screenwriter, producer, actor, and film critic. He is widely regarded as one of the founders of the French New Wave. After a career of more tha ...
in the book-length ''
Hitchcock/Truffaut ''Hitchcock/Truffaut'' is a 1966 book by François Truffaut about Alfred Hitchcock, originally released in French as ''Le Cinéma selon Alfred Hitchcock''. First published by Éditions Robert Laffont, it is based on a 1962 dialogue between H ...
'' ( Simon & Schuster, 1967) that he ended up re-shooting the last four or five segments because he was dissatisfied with the color of the sunset. Hitchcock used this long-take approach again to a lesser extent on his next film, ''
Under Capricorn ''Under Capricorn'' is a 1949 British historical thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock about a couple in Australia who started out as lady and stable boy in Ireland, and who are now bound together by a horrible secret. The film is based on ...
'' (1949), and in a very limited way in his film '' Stage Fright'' (1950).


Director's cameo

Alfred Hitchcock's cameo appearance is a signature occurrence in most of his films. At 55:19 into the film, a red neon sign in the far background showing Hitchcock's trademark profile starts blinking. As the guests are escorted to the door, actors Joan Chandler and Douglas Dick stop to have a few words and the sign flashes in the background several times. There is some debate as to whether Hitchcock makes another cameo earlier in the film. In the making-of documentary, ''Rope Unleashed'', Arthur Laurents says that Hitchcock can be seen walking down the Manhattan street immediately after the title sequence.Interview with Arthur Laurents in the making-of documentary, ''Rope Unleashed''. The individual significantly resembles Hitchcock, yet some believe that it is a myth. In ''The Encyclopedia of Alfred Hitchcock'', Thomas M. Leitch claims that the production records in the Warner Bros. archive show that the neon sign is Hitchcock's only appearance in the entire film.


Production credits

The production credits on the film were as follows: * Director –
Alfred Hitchcock Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock (13 August 1899 â€“ 29 April 1980) was an English filmmaker. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of cinema. In a career spanning six decades, he directed over 50 featur ...
* Writing – Arthur Laurents (screenplay), Hume Cronyn (adaptation) * Cinematography – Joseph Valentine and
William V. Skall William V. Skall (October 5, 1897 in Chicago – March 22, 1976 in Los Angeles) was an American cinematographer who specialized in Technicolor. Life He began his film career straight after leaving school and worked for two years in camera cr ...
(directors of photography) * Art direction –
Perry Ferguson Perry Ferguson (November 13, 1901 – December 27, 1963) was an American art director. He was nominated for five Academy Awards in the category Academy Award for Best Production Design, Best Art Direction. He was born in Texas and died in Lo ...
(art director),
Emile Kuri Emile Kuri (June 11, 1907 – October 10, 2000) was a Mexican-born American set decorator of Lebanese parentage. He won two Academy Awards and was nominated for six more in the category Best Art Direction. He was born in Cuernavaca, Morelo ...
and
Howard Bristol Howard Bristol (August 14, 1902 – February 11, 1971) was an American set decorator. He was nominated for nine Academy Awards in the category Academy Award for Best Production Design, Best Art Direction. He worked on 56 films between 1936 ...
(set decorators) * Technicolor color director – Natalie Kalmus * Production manager – Fred Ahern * Film editor –
William H. Ziegler William H. Ziegler (September 4, 1909 in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania – July 2, 1977 in Encino, California) was an American film editor. He edited over 100 films during his long career, most notably ''The Music Man'', ''My Fair Lady'' and '' ...
* Assistant director – Lowell J. Farrell * Makeup artist – Perc Westmore * Operators of camera movement – Edward Fitzgerald, Paul G. Hill, Richard Emmons, Morris Rosen * Sound – Al Riggs * Lighting technician – Jim Potevin * Music – Leo F. Forbstein (musical director), The Three Suns (radio sequence) * Costumes – Adrian (Miss Chandler's dress)


Reception


Box office

According to Warner Bros. records, the film earned $2,028,000 domestically and $720,000 overseas.


Critical response

Contemporary reviews were mixed. '' Variety'' magazine wrote,
"Hitchcock could have chosen a more entertaining subject with which to use the arresting camera and staging technique displayed in ''Rope'' ... The continuous action and the extremely mobile camera are technical features of which industry craftsmen will make much, but to the layman audience effect is of a distracting interest."
Bosley Crowther of '' The New York Times'' found that the
"novelty of the picture is not in the drama itself, it being a plainly deliberate and rather thin exercise in suspense, but merely in the method which Mr. Hitchcock has used to stretch the intended tension for the length of the little stunt" for a "story of meager range".
The '' Chicago Tribune''s Mae Tinee was candid about her reactions:
"If Mr. Hitchcock's purpose in producing this macabre tale of murder was to shock and horrify, he has succeeded all too well. The opening scene is sickeningly graphic, establishing a feeling of revulsion which seldom left me during the entire film....Undeniably clever in all of its aspects, this film is a gruesome affair and--to me, at least--was a gruelling spectacle, not recommended to the sensitive."
John McCarten of '' The New Yorker'' wrote,
"In addition to the fact that it has little or no movement, 'Rope' is handicapped by some of the most relentlessly arch dialogue you ever heard." ''
'' The Monthly Film Bulletin'' found that the actors,
"for the most part, are excellent" but that "as a film, much of the suspense of the story and the drama of the original written material has been lost because the continual movement within a confined space, although more fluid, is slower and more tiring to watch than a film which has been edited by the conventional method".
''
Harrison's Reports ''Harrison's Reports'' was a New York City-based motion picture trade journal published weekly from 1919 to 1962. The typical issue was four letter-size pages sent to subscribers under a second-class mail permit. Its founder, editor and publisher ...
'' gave the film a very positive review, calling it
"an exceptionally fine psychological thriller" with "excellent" acting and "an ingenious technique, and under Hitchcock's superb handling it serves to heighten the atmosphere of mounting suspense and suspicion".
Edwin Schallert of the '' Los Angeles Times'' wrote,
"It is unusual enough to shine more as a technical tour de force than as a moving sort of film ... The interesting experimental values in this Hitchcock production could never be denied, yet I would not rate it one of his best."
In '' Time'' magazine's 1948 review, the play that the film was based on is called an "intelligent and hideously exciting melodrama" though "in turning it into a movie for mass distribution, much of the edge sblunted" explaining: On its theatrical release in 1948, ''Rope'' performed poorly at the box office. In ''Rope Unleashed'', screenwriter Arthur Laurents attributed this failure to audience uneasiness with the homosexual undertones in the relationship between the two lead characters. Nearly 36 years later, Vincent Canby, also of ''The New York Times'', called the "seldom seen" and "underrated" film "full of the kind of self-conscious
epigram An epigram is a brief, interesting, memorable, and sometimes surprising or satirical statement. The word is derived from the Greek "inscription" from "to write on, to inscribe", and the literary device has been employed for over two mille ...
s and breezy ripostes that once defined wit and decadence in the Broadway theater"; it's a film "less concerned with the characters and their moral dilemmas than with how they look, sound and move, and with the overall spectacle of how a
perfect crime Perfect crimes are crimes that are undetected, unattributed to an identifiable perpetrator, or otherwise unsolved or unsolvable as a kind of technical achievement on the part of the perpetrator. The term is used colloquially in law and fiction (es ...
goes wrong".
Roger Ebert Roger Joseph Ebert (; June 18, 1942 – April 4, 2013) was an American film critic, film historian, journalist, screenwriter, and author. He was a film critic for the ''Chicago Sun-Times'' from 1967 until his death in 2013. In 1975, Ebert beca ...
wrote in 1984, "Alfred Hitchcock called ''Rope'' an 'experiment that didn't work out', and he was happy to see it kept out of release for most of three decades", but went on to say that "''Rope'' remains one of the most interesting experiments ever attempted by a major director working with big box-office names, and it's worth seeing ...." A BBC review of the DVD release, in 2001, called the film "technically and socially bold" and pointed out that given "how primitive the Technicolor process was back then", the DVD's image quality is "by those standards quite astonishing"; the release's "2.0 mono mix" was clear and reasonably strong, though "distortion creeps into the music". ''Rope'' holds a score of 92% on the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes based on 52 reviews, with an average rating of 7.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "As formally audacious as it is narratively brilliant, ''Rope'' connects a powerful ensemble in service of a darkly satisfying crime thriller from a master of the genre". Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average, reports a score of 73 out of 100 based on reviews from 10 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


See also

* '' Compulsion'', a 1959 film based on the Leopold and Loeb events. * '' R.S.V.P.'', a 2002 film that borrowed several key elements from ''Rope'', and in which the film is discussed. * ''
Swoon Swoon may refer to: *Swoon hypothesis, a number of theories about the resurrection of Jesus Christ * ''Swoon'' (film), a film on the 1924 Leopold and Loeb murder case *Swoon (artist) Caledonia Curry (born 1977), whose work appears under the nam ...
'', an independent 1992 film by Tom Kalin depicting the actual Leopold and Loeb events.


Notes


References


Sources

*


Further reading

* . * *


External links

* * * *
Trailer for ''Rope''
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rope (Film) 1948 films 1948 crime drama films 1940s crime thriller films 1940s LGBT-related films 1940s psychological thriller films 1940s thriller drama films American crime drama films American crime thriller films American films based on plays American LGBT-related films American psychological thriller films American thriller drama films 1940s English-language films Films à clef Films about educators Films about murder Films based on the Leopold and Loeb murder Films directed by Alfred Hitchcock Films produced by Alfred Hitchcock Films set in apartment buildings Films set in Manhattan Films shot in Los Angeles County, California Films with screenplays by Hume Cronyn LGBT-related drama films LGBT-related thriller films Warner Bros. films Films with screenplays by Arthur Laurents 1940s American films