Alexander Macfarlane
FRSE
Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (FRSE) is an award granted to individuals that the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Scotland's national academy of science and letters, judged to be "eminently distinguished in their subject". This soci ...
LLD (21 April 1851 – 28 August 1913) was a Scottish
logic
Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and informal logic. Formal logic is the science of deductively valid inferences or of logical truths. It is a formal science investigating how conclusions follow from prem ...
ian,
physicist
A physicist is a scientist who specializes in the field of physics, which encompasses the interactions of matter and energy at all length and time scales in the physical universe.
Physicists generally are interested in the root or ultimate cau ...
, and mathematician.
Life
Macfarlane was born in
Blairgowrie, Scotland, to Daniel MacFarlane (Shoemaker, Blairgowire) and Ann Small. He studied at the
University of Edinburgh
The University of Edinburgh ( sco, University o Edinburgh, gd, Oilthigh Dhùn Èideann; abbreviated as ''Edin.'' in post-nominals) is a public research university based in Edinburgh, Scotland. Granted a royal charter by King James VI in 1 ...
. His
doctoral thesis
A thesis ( : theses), or dissertation (abbreviated diss.), is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings.International Standard ISO 7144: ...
"The disruptive discharge of electricity" reported on experimental results from the laboratory of
Peter Guthrie Tait
Peter Guthrie Tait FRSE (28 April 1831 – 4 July 1901) was a Scottish mathematical physicist and early pioneer in thermodynamics. He is best known for the mathematical physics textbook ''Treatise on Natural Philosophy'', which he co-wrote wi ...
.
In 1878 Macfarlane spoke at the
Royal Society of Edinburgh
The Royal Society of Edinburgh is Scotland's national academy of science and letters. It is a registered charity that operates on a wholly independent and non-partisan basis and provides public benefit throughout Scotland. It was established i ...
on
algebraic logic
In mathematical logic, algebraic logic is the reasoning obtained by manipulating equations with free variables.
What is now usually called classical algebraic logic focuses on the identification and algebraic description of models appropriate for ...
as introduced by
George Boole
George Boole (; 2 November 1815 – 8 December 1864) was a largely self-taught English mathematician, philosopher, and logician, most of whose short career was spent as the first professor of mathematics at Queen's College, Cork in ...
. He was elected a
Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (FRSE) is an award granted to individuals that the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Scotland's national academy of science and letters, judged to be "eminently distinguished in their subject". This socie ...
. His proposers were
Peter Guthrie Tait
Peter Guthrie Tait FRSE (28 April 1831 – 4 July 1901) was a Scottish mathematical physicist and early pioneer in thermodynamics. He is best known for the mathematical physics textbook ''Treatise on Natural Philosophy'', which he co-wrote wi ...
,
Philip Kelland
Philip Kelland PRSE FRS (17 October 1808 – 8 May 1879) was an English mathematician. He was known mainly for his great influence on the development of education in Scotland.
Life
Kelland was born in 1808 the son of Philip Kelland (d.1847), ...
,
Alexander Crum Brown
Alexander Crum Brown FRSE FRS (26 March 1838 – 28 October 1922) was a Scottish organic chemist. Alexander Crum Brown Road in Edinburgh's King's Buildings complex is named after him.
Early life and education
Crum Brown was born at 4 Bellev ...
, and
John Hutton Balfour. The next year he published ''Principles of the Algebra of Logic'' which interpreted Boolean variable expressions with algebraic manipulation.
During his life, Macfarlane played a prominent role in research and education. He taught at the universities of Edinburgh and
St Andrews
St Andrews ( la, S. Andrea(s); sco, Saunt Aundraes; gd, Cill Rìmhinn) is a town on the east coast of Fife in Scotland, southeast of Dundee and northeast of Edinburgh. St Andrews had a recorded population of 16,800 , making it Fife's fourt ...
, was physics professor at the
University of Texas
The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin, UT, or Texas) is a public research university in Austin, Texas. It was founded in 1883 and is the oldest institution in the University of Texas System. With 40,916 undergraduate students, 11,075 ...
(1885–1894), professor of Advanced Electricity, and later of
mathematical physics
Mathematical physics refers to the development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. The '' Journal of Mathematical Physics'' defines the field as "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the developm ...
, at
Lehigh University
Lehigh University (LU) is a private research university in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania. The university was established in 1865 by businessman Asa Packer and was originally affiliated with the Epi ...
. In 1896 Macfarlane encouraged the association of
quaternion
In mathematics, the quaternion number system extends the complex numbers. Quaternions were first described by the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton in 1843 and applied to mechanics in three-dimensional space. Hamilton defined a quater ...
students to promote the algebra. He became the Secretary of the
Quaternion Society, and in 1909 its president. He edited the ''Bibliography of Quaternions'' that the Society published in 1904.
Macfarlane was also the author of a popular 1916 collection of mathematical biographies (''Ten British Mathematicians''), a similar work on physicists (''Lectures on Ten British Physicists of the Nineteenth Century'', 1919). Macfarlane was caught up in the revolution in
geometry
Geometry (; ) is, with arithmetic, one of the oldest branches of mathematics. It is concerned with properties of space such as the distance, shape, size, and relative position of figures. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is c ...
during his lifetime, in particular through the influence of
G. B. Halsted
George Bruce Halsted (November 25, 1853 – March 16, 1922), usually cited as G. B. Halsted, was an American mathematician who explored foundations of geometry and introduced non-Euclidean geometry into the United States through his own work and ...
who was mathematics professor at the University of Texas. Macfarlane originated an ''Algebra of Physics'', which was his adaptation of quaternions to physical science. His first publication on ''Space Analysis'' preceded the presentation of
Minkowski Space
In mathematical physics, Minkowski space (or Minkowski spacetime) () is a combination of three-dimensional Euclidean space and time into a four-dimensional manifold where the spacetime interval between any two events is independent of the iner ...
by seventeen years.
Macfarlane actively participated in several
International Congresses of Mathematicians
The International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) is the largest conference for the topic of mathematics. It meets once every four years, hosted by the International Mathematical Union (IMU).
The Fields Medals, the Nevanlinna Prize (to be renam ...
including the primordial meeting in Chicago, 1893, and the Paris meeting of 1900 where he spoke on "Application of space analysis to curvilinear coordinates".
Macfarlane retired to
Chatham, Ontario, where he died in 1913.
Space analysis
Alexander Macfarlane stylized his work as "Space Analysis". In 1894 he published his five earlier papers and a book review of
Alexander McAulay's ''Utility of Quaternions in Physics''. Page numbers are carried from previous publications, and the reader is presumed familiar with quaternions. The first paper is "Principles of the Algebra of Physics" where he first proposes the
hyperbolic quaternion
In abstract algebra, the algebra of hyperbolic quaternions is a nonassociative algebra over the real numbers with elements of the form
:q = a + bi + cj + dk, \quad a,b,c,d \in \mathbb \!
where the squares of i, j, and k are +1 and distinct eleme ...
algebra, since "a student of physics finds a difficulty in principle of quaternions which makes the square of a vector negative." The second paper is "The Imaginary of the Algebra". Similar to
Homersham Cox (1882/83), Macfarlane uses the
hyperbolic versor
In mathematics, a versor is a quaternion of norm one (a '' unit quaternion''). The word is derived from Latin ''versare'' = "to turn" with the suffix ''-or'' forming a noun from the verb (i.e. ''versor'' = "the turner"). It was introduced by W ...
as the hyperbolic quaternion corresponding to the
versor
In mathematics, a versor is a quaternion of norm one (a ''unit quaternion''). The word is derived from Latin ''versare'' = "to turn" with the suffix ''-or'' forming a noun from the verb (i.e. ''versor'' = "the turner"). It was introduced by Will ...
of Hamilton. The presentation is encumbered by the notation
:
Later he conformed to the notation exp(A α) used by Euler and Sophus Lie. The expression
is meant to emphasize that α is a ''right versor'', where π/2 is the measure of a
right angle
In geometry and trigonometry, a right angle is an angle of exactly 90 degrees or radians corresponding to a quarter turn. If a ray is placed so that its endpoint is on a line and the adjacent angles are equal, then they are right angles. Th ...
in
radian
The radian, denoted by the symbol rad, is the unit of angle in the International System of Units (SI) and is the standard unit of angular measure used in many areas of mathematics. The unit was formerly an SI supplementary unit (before that ...
s. The π/2 in the exponent is, in fact, superfluous.
Papers three and four are "Fundamental Theorems of Analysis Generalized for Space" and "On the definition of the Trigonometric Functions", which he had presented the previous year in Chicago at the ''Congress of Mathematicians'' held in connection with the
World's Columbian Exhibition
The World's Columbian Exposition (also known as the Chicago World's Fair) was a world's fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492. The centerpiece of the Fair, ...
. He follows
George Salmon in exhibiting the
hyperbolic angle
In geometry, hyperbolic angle is a real number determined by the area of the corresponding hyperbolic sector of ''xy'' = 1 in Quadrant I of the Cartesian plane. The hyperbolic angle parametrises the unit hyperbola, which has hyperbolic function ...
, argument of
hyperbolic function
In mathematics, hyperbolic functions are analogues of the ordinary trigonometric functions, but defined using the hyperbola rather than the circle. Just as the points form a circle with a unit radius, the points form the right half of the u ...
s. The fifth paper is "Elliptic and Hyperbolic Analysis" which considers the
spherical law of cosines as the fundamental theorem of the
sphere
A sphere () is a geometrical object that is a three-dimensional analogue to a two-dimensional circle. A sphere is the set of points that are all at the same distance from a given point in three-dimensional space.. That given point is the c ...
, and proceeds to analogues for the ellipsoid of revolution, general
ellipsoid
An ellipsoid is a surface that may be obtained from a sphere by deforming it by means of directional scalings, or more generally, of an affine transformation.
An ellipsoid is a quadric surface; that is, a surface that may be defined as th ...
, and equilateral
hyperboloid
In geometry, a hyperboloid of revolution, sometimes called a circular hyperboloid, is the surface generated by rotating a hyperbola around one of its principal axes. A hyperboloid is the surface obtained from a hyperboloid of revolution by def ...
s of one and two sheets, where he provides the
hyperbolic law of cosines In hyperbolic geometry, the "law of cosines" is a pair of theorems relating the sides and angles of triangles on a hyperbolic plane, analogous to the planar law of cosines from plane trigonometry, or the spherical law of cosines in spherical trig ...
.
In 1900 Alexander published "Hyperbolic Quaternions" with the Royal Society in Edinburgh, and included a sheet of nine figures, two of which display conjugate
hyperbola
In mathematics, a hyperbola (; pl. hyperbolas or hyperbolae ; adj. hyperbolic ) is a type of smooth curve lying in a plane, defined by its geometric properties or by equations for which it is the solution set. A hyperbola has two pieces, cal ...
s. Having been stung in the ''Great Vector Debate'' over the non-associativity of his Algebra of Physics, he restored associativity by reverting to
biquaternion
In abstract algebra, the biquaternions are the numbers , where , and are complex numbers, or variants thereof, and the elements of multiply as in the quaternion group and commute with their coefficients. There are three types of biquaternions co ...
s, an algebra used by students of Hamilton since 1853.
Works
* 1879
Principles of the Algebra of Logicfrom
Internet Archive
The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, ...
.
* 1885
Physical Arithmeticfrom Internet Archive.
* 1887
The Logical Form of Geometrical Theoremsfrom
Annals of Mathematics
The ''Annals of Mathematics'' is a mathematical journal published every two months by Princeton University and the Institute for Advanced Study.
History
The journal was established as ''The Analyst'' in 1874 and with Joel E. Hendricks as the ...
3: 154,5.
* 1894
Papers on Space Analysis
* 1898
Book Review: “La Mathematique; philosophie et enseignement” by C.A. Laissantin
Science
Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.
Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for ...
8: 51–3.
* 189
The Pythagorean Theoremfrom ''Science'' 34: 181,2.
* 1899
The Fundamental Principles of Algebrafrom ''Science'' 10: 345–364.
* 1906
Vector Analysis and Quaternions
* 1910
Unification and Development of the Principles of the Algebra of Spacefrom
Bulletin of the Quaternion Society.
* 1911
Book Review: ''Life and Scientific Work of P.G. Tait'' by C.G. Knottfrom ''Science'' 34: 565,6.
* 1912
A System of Notation for Vector-Analysis; with a Discussion of the Underlying Principlesfrom ''Bulletin of the Quaternion Society''.
* 1913
On Vector-Analysis as Generalized Algebrafrom ''Bulletin of the Quaternion Society''.
*
*
[N.R.C. (1920]
Review:''Ten British Physicists''
from ''Nature'' 104:561,2 (#2622)
Publications of Alexander Macfarlanefrom ''Bulletin of the Quaternion Society'', 1913
References
*
* Robert de Boer (2009
Biography of Alexander Macfarlanefrom
WebCite
WebCite was an on-demand archive site, designed to digitally preserve scientific and educationally important material on the web by taking snapshots of Internet contents as they existed at the time when a blogger or a scholar cited or quoted ...
.
Electric Scotland historical biography*
Knott, Cargill Gilston (1913
Alexander Macfarlane Nature
Nature, in the broadest sense, is the physics, physical world or universe. "Nature" can refer to the phenomenon, phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general. The study of nature is a large, if not the only, part of science. ...
.
Macfarlane papers at the University of Texas
External links
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Macfarlane, Alexander
1851 births
1913 deaths
People from Blairgowrie and Rattray
Scottish mathematicians
Scottish logicians
Scottish philosophers
Scottish physicists
19th-century British mathematicians
19th-century Scottish people
20th-century British mathematicians
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Academics of the University of St Andrews
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Lehigh University faculty
People from Chatham-Kent
Relativity theorists
Scottish expatriates in the United States
Scottish emigrants to Canada
University of Texas at Austin faculty
British geometers