Albert Otto Hirschman (born ''Otto-Albert Hirschmann''; April 7, 1915 – December 10, 2012) was a
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ger ...
economist and the author of several books on
political economy
Political economy is the study of how Macroeconomics, economic systems (e.g. Marketplace, markets and Economy, national economies) and Politics, political systems (e.g. law, Institution, institutions, government) are linked. Widely studied ph ...
and
political ideology
An ideology is a set of beliefs or philosophies attributed to a person or group of persons, especially those held for reasons that are not purely epistemic, in which "practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones." Formerly applied pri ...
. His first major contribution was in the area of
development economics
Development economics is a branch of economics which deals with economic aspects of the development process in low- and middle- income countries. Its focus is not only on methods of promoting economic development, economic growth and structural ...
. Here he emphasized the need for
unbalanced growth. He argued that disequilibria should be encouraged to stimulate growth and help mobilize resources, because developing countries are short of decision-making skills. Key to this was encouraging industries with many linkages to other firms.
His later work was in political economy and there he advanced two schemata. The first describes the three basic possible responses to
decline
Decline may refer to:
*Decadence, involves a perceived decay in standards, morals, dignity, religious faith, or skill over time
* "Decline" (song), 2017 song by Raye and Mr Eazi
* ''The Decline'' (EP), an EP by NOFX
*The Decline (band), Australian ...
in firms or polities (quitting, speaking up, staying quiet) in ''
Exit, Voice, and Loyalty'' (1970).
The second describes the basic arguments made by
conservatives
Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks to promote and to preserve traditional institutions, practices, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilization in ...
(perversity, futility and jeopardy) in ''
The Rhetoric of Reaction'' (1991).
In
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
, he played a key role in rescuing refugees in
occupied France
The Military Administration in France (german: Militärverwaltung in Frankreich; french: Occupation de la France par l'Allemagne) was an interim occupation authority established by Nazi Germany during World War II to administer the occupied zo ...
.
Early life and education
Otto Albert Hirschman was born in 1915 into an affluent Jewish family in
Berlin
Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitue ...
, Germany, the son of Carl Hirschmann, a surgeon
[Book review of “Worldly Philosopher: The Odyssey of Albert O. Hirschman” (Princeton), by Jeremy Adelman : The Gift of Doubt: Albert O. Hirschman and the power of failure by Malcolm Gladwell]
The New Yorker, 2013 and Hedwig Marcuse Hirschmann. He had a sister,
Ursula Hirschmann
Ursula Hirschmann (2 September 1913 – 8 January 1991) was a German anti-fascist activist and an advocate of European federalism.
Life and career
Hirschmann was born into a middle-class Jewish family to Carl Hirschmann and Hedwig Marcuse in B ...
.
[Honorary degree awarded to Albert O. Hirschman]
by Free University of Berlin
The Free University of Berlin (, often abbreviated as FU Berlin or simply FU) is a public research university in Berlin, Germany. It is consistently ranked among Germany's best universities, with particular strengths in political science and t ...
In 1932, he started studying at
Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, was active in the
anti-fascist
Anti-fascism is a political movement in opposition to fascist ideologies, groups and individuals. Beginning in European countries in the 1920s, it was at its most significant shortly before and during World War II, where the Axis powers were ...
resistance and emigrated to Paris, continued at
HEC Paris
HEC Paris (french: École des hautes études commerciales de Paris) is a business school, and one of the most prestigious and selective grandes écoles, located in Jouy-en-Josas, France. HEC offers Master in Management, MSc International Fi ...
, the
Sorbonne
Sorbonne may refer to:
* Sorbonne (building), historic building in Paris, which housed the University of Paris and is now shared among multiple universities.
*the University of Paris (c. 1150 – 1970)
*one of its components or linked institution, ...
, the
London School of Economics
, mottoeng = To understand the causes of things
, established =
, type = Public research university
, endowment = £240.8 million (2021)
, budget = £391.1 millio ...
and the
University of Trieste
The University of Trieste ( it, Università degli Studi di Trieste, or UniTS) is a public research university in Trieste in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region in northeast Italy. The university consists of 10 departments, boasts a wide and almos ...
, where he received his doctorate in economics in 1938.
[
In the summer of 1936, Hirschman spent three months as a volunteer fighting on behalf of the ]Spanish Republic
The Spanish Republic (), commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic (), was the form of government in Spain from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, after the deposition of King Alfonso XIII, and was dissolved on 1 A ...
in the Spanish Civil War. During World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
, after France surrendered to the Nazis in 1940, he worked with Varian Fry
Varian Mackey Fry (October 15, 1907 – September 13, 1967) was an American journalist. Fry ran a rescue network in Vichy France that helped approximately 2,000 to 4,000 anti-Nazi and Jewish refugees to escape Nazi Germany and the Holocaust. ...
from the Emergency Rescue Committee to help many of Europe's leading artists and intellectuals to escape to the United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
.[ Hirschman helped to lead them from ]occupied France
The Military Administration in France (german: Militärverwaltung in Frankreich; french: Occupation de la France par l'Allemagne) was an interim occupation authority established by Nazi Germany during World War II to administer the occupied zo ...
to Spain through paths in the Pyrenees Mountains
The Pyrenees (; es, Pirineos ; french: Pyrénées ; ca, Pirineu ; eu, Pirinioak ; oc, Pirenèus ; an, Pirineus) is a mountain range straddling the border of France and Spain. It extends nearly from its union with the Cantabrian Mountains to C ...
and then to Portugal. Those rescued included Marc Chagall
Marc Chagall; russian: link=no, Марк Заха́рович Шага́л ; be, Марк Захаравіч Шагал . (born Moishe Shagal; 28 March 1985) was a Russian-French artist. An early modernism, modernist, he was associated with se ...
, Hannah Arendt
Hannah Arendt (, , ; 14 October 1906 – 4 December 1975) was a political philosopher, author, and Holocaust survivor. She is widely considered to be one of the most influential political theorists of the 20th century.
Arendt was born ...
and Marcel Duchamp
Henri-Robert-Marcel Duchamp (, , ; 28 July 1887 – 2 October 1968) was a French painter, sculptor, chess player, and writer whose work is associated with Cubism, Dada, and conceptual art. Duchamp is commonly regarded, along with Pablo Picasso ...
.
Career
From 1941 to 1943 he was a Rockefeller Fellow
The Rockefeller Foundation is an American private foundation and philanthropic medical research and arts funding organization based at 420 Fifth Avenue, New York City. The second-oldest major philanthropic institution in America, after the Carneg ...
at the University of California, Berkeley
The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public land-grant research university in Berkeley, California. Established in 1868 as the University of California, it is the state's first land-grant u ...
. He served in the United States Army
The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution.Article II, section 2, cla ...
(1943–1946) where he worked in the Office of Strategic Services
The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was the intelligence agency of the United States during World War II. The OSS was formed as an agency of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for all branc ...
, and served as the interpreter for the German general Anton Dostler
Anton Dostler (10 May 1891 – 1 December 1945) was a German army officer who fought in both World Wars. During World War II, he commanded several units as a General of the Infantry, primarily in Italy. After the Axis defeat, Dostler was execute ...
at an early Allied war crimes trial.
From 1946 to 1952 he was appointed Chief of the Western European and British Commonwealth Section of the Federal Reserve Board
The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, commonly known as the Federal Reserve Board, is the main governing body of the Federal Reserve System. It is charged with overseeing the Federal Reserve Banks and with helping implement the mon ...
. In this role, he published analyses of the European postwar reconstruction and newly created international economic institutions. From 1952 to 1954 he was a financial advisor to the National Planning Board of Colombia and the next 2 years made a living as a private economic counselor in Bogotá
Bogotá (, also , , ), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá (; ) during the Spanish period and between 1991 and 2000, is the capital city of Colombia, and one of the larges ...
.
Thereafter he held a succession of academic appointments in economics; from 1956 to 1958 at Yale University
Yale University is a private research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Established in 1701 as the Collegiate School, it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and among the most prestigious in the wo ...
, from 1958 to 1964 at Columbia University
Columbia University (also known as Columbia, and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhatt ...
, and for 10 years at Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher le ...
(1964–1974). He worked for the Institute for Advanced Study
The Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), located in Princeton, New Jersey, in the United States, is an independent center for theoretical research and intellectual inquiry. It has served as the academic home of internationally preeminent scholar ...
from 1974 to 2012 until his death.
He died at the age of 97 on December 10, 2012, some months after the passing of his wife of over seventy years, Sarah Hirschman (née Chapiro).
Work
His first major contribution was in the area of development economics
Development economics is a branch of economics which deals with economic aspects of the development process in low- and middle- income countries. Its focus is not only on methods of promoting economic development, economic growth and structural ...
with the 1958 book '' The Strategy of Economic Development''. Here he emphasized the need for unbalanced growth. He argued that disequilibria should be encouraged to stimulate growth and help mobilize resources, because developing countries are short of decision-making skills. Key to this was encouraging industries with many linkages to other firms. He argued against "Big Push" approaches to development, such as those advocated by Paul Rosenstein-Rodan
Paul Narcyz Rosenstein-Rodan (1902–1985) was an economist of Jewish origin born in Kraków, who was trained in the Austrian School, Austrian tradition under in University of Vienna, Vienna. His early contributions to economics were in pure eco ...
.
In the 1960s, Hirschman praised the works of Peruvian
Peruvians ( es, peruanos) are the citizens of Peru. There were Andean and coastal ancient civilizations like Caral, which inhabited what is now Peruvian territory for several millennia before the Spanish conquest in the 16th century; Peruvian p ...
intellectuals José Carlos Mariátegui
José Carlos Mariátegui La Chira (June 14, 1894 - April 16, 1930) was a Peruvian writer, journalist, politician and Marxist–Leninist philosopher.
A prolific author despite his early death, El Amauta (from Quechua: hamawt'a, "teacher", a nam ...
and Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre
Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre (February 22, 1895 – August 2, 1979) was a Peruvian politician, philosopher, and author who founded the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) political movement, the oldest currently existing political p ...
, stating "paradoxically, the most ambitious attempt to theorize the revolution of Latin American society arose in a country that to date has experienced very little social change: I am talking about Peru and the writings of Haya de la Torre and Mariátegui". He helped develop the hiding hand principle
The hiding hand principle is a theory that offers a framework to examine how ignorance (particularly concerning future obstacles when person first decides to take on a project) intersects with rational choice to undertake a project; the intersecti ...
in his 1967 essay ''The principle of the hiding hand'',.
His later work was in political economy, where he advanced two schemata. In '' Exit, Voice, and Loyalty'' (1970) he described the three basic possible responses to decline
Decline may refer to:
*Decadence, involves a perceived decay in standards, morals, dignity, religious faith, or skill over time
* "Decline" (song), 2017 song by Raye and Mr Eazi
* ''The Decline'' (EP), an EP by NOFX
*The Decline (band), Australian ...
in firms or polities (quitting, speaking up, staying quiet). The second describes the basic arguments made by conservatives
Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks to promote and to preserve traditional institutions, practices, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilization in ...
(perversity, futility and jeopardy) in '' The Rhetoric of Reaction'' (1991).
In ''The Passions and the Interests'' Hirschmann recounts a history of the ideas laying the intellectual groundwork for capitalism. He describes how thinkers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries embraced the sin of avarice
Greed (or avarice) is an uncontrolled longing for increase in the acquisition or use of material gain (be it food, money, land, or animate/inanimate possessions); or social value, such as status, or power. Greed has been identified as undes ...
as an important counterweight to humankind's destructive passions. Capitalism was promoted by thinkers including Montesquieu, Sir James Steuart, and Adam Smith as repressing the passions for "harmless" commercial activities. Hirschman noted that terms including "vice" and "passion" gave way to "such bland terms" as "advantage" and "interest." Hirschman described it as the book he most enjoyed writing. According to Hirschman biographer Jeremy Adelman, it reflected Hirschman's political moderation, a challenge to reductive accounts of human nature by economists as a "utility-maximizing machine" as well as Marxian or communitarian "nostalgia for a world that was lost to consumer avarice."
Herfindahl–Hirschman Index
In 1945, Hirschman proposed a market concentration index which was the square root of the sum of the squares of the market share of each participant in the market. In 1950, Orris C. Herfindahl proposed a similar index (but without the square root), apparently unaware of the prior work. Thus, it is usually referred to as the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index.
Books
* 1945. ''National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade'' 1980 expanded ed., Berkeley : University of California Press
* 1955. ''Colombia; highlights of a developing economy''. Bogotá: Banco de la Republica Press.
* 1958. '' The Strategy of Economic Development.'' New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
* 1961. ''Latin American issues; essays and comments'' New York: Twentieth Century Fund.
* 1963. ''Journeys toward Progress: Studies of Economic Policy-Making in Latin America.'' New York: Twentieth Century Fund
* 1967. ''Development Projects Observed.'' Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. (paper).
* 1970. '' Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. (paper).
* 1971. ''A Bias for Hope: Essays on Development and Latin America''. New Haven: Yale University Press.
* 1977. ''The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments For Capitalism Before Its Triumph''. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. .
* 1980. ''National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade''. Berkeley: University of California Press.
* 1981. ''Essays in trespassing: economics to politics and beyond''. Cambridge (Eng.); New York: Cambridge University Press.
* 1982. ''Shifting involvements: private interest and public action''. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
* 1984. ''Getting ahead collectively: grassroots experiences in Latin America'' (with photographs by Mitchell Denburg). New York: Pergamon Press
* 1985. ''A bias for hope: essays on development and Latin America''. Boulder: Westview Press.
* 1986. ''Rival views of market society and other recent essays''. New York: Viking.
* 1991. '' The Rhetoric of Reaction: Perversity, Futility, Jeopardy''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. (cloth) and (paper).
* 1995. ''A propensity to self-subversion''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
* 1998. ''Crossing boundaries: selected writings''. New York: Zone Books; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Distributed by the MIT Press.
* 2013. ''Worldly Philosopher: The Odyssey of Albert O. Hirschman'' by Jeremy Adelman. . Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ (2013)
* 2013 ''The Essential Hirschman'' edited by Jeremy Adelman (Princeton University Press) 384 pages; 16 essays
Selected articles
* "On Measures of Dispersion for a Finite Distribution." ''Journal of the American Statistical Association'' 38, no. 223 (September 1943): 346–352.
* "The Commodity Structure of World Trade." T''he Quarterly Journal of Economics'' 57, no. 4 (August 1943): 565–595.
* "Devaluation and the Trade Balance: A Note." ''The Review of Economics and Statistics'' 31, no. 1 (February 1949): 50–53.
* "Negotiations and the Issues." ''The Review of Economics and Statistics'', 33, no. 1 (February 1951): 49–55.
* "Types of Convertibility." ''The Review of Economics and Statistics'', 33, no. 1 (February 1951): 60–62.
* "Currency Appreciation as an Anti-Inflationary Device: Further Comment." ''The Quarterly Journal of Economics'', 66, no. 1 (February 1952): 117–120.
* "Economic Policy in Underdeveloped Countries." ''Economic Development and Cultural Change'', 5, no. 4 (July 1957): 362–370.
* "Investment Policies and 'Dualism' in Underdeveloped Countries." ''The American Economic Review
The ''American Economic Review'' is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the American Economic Association. First published in 1911, it is considered one of the most prestigious and highly distinguished journals in the field of eco ...
'' 47, no. 5 (September 1957): 550–570.
* "Invitation to Theorizing about the Dollar Glut." ''The Review of Economics and Statistics'' 42, no. 1 (February 1960): 100–102.
* "The Commodity Structure of World Trade: Reply." ''The Quarterly Journal of Economics
''The Quarterly Journal of Economics'' is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Oxford University Press for the Harvard University Department of Economics. Its current editors-in-chief are Robert J. Barro, Lawrence F. Katz, Nathan N ...
'' 75, no. 1 (February 1961): 165–166.
* "Models of Reformmongering." ''The Quarterly Journal of Economics'' 77, no. 2 (May 1963): 236–257.
* "Obstacles to Development: A Classification and a Quasi-Vanishing Act." ''Economic Development and Cultural Change'' 13, no. 4 (July 1965): 385–393.
* "The Political Economy of Import-Substituting Industrialization in Latin America." ''The Quarterly Journal of Economics'' 82, no. 1 (February 1968): 1–32.
* "Underdevelopment, Obstacles to the Perception of Change, and Leadership." ''Daedalus'' 97, no. 3 (Summer 1968): 925–937.
* "An Alternative Explanation of Contemporary Harriednes." ''The Quarterly Journal of Economics'' 87, no. 4 (November 1973): 634–637.
* "The Changing Tolerance for Income Inequality in the Course of Economic Development", '' World Development'', Vol. 1, No. 12, (December '1973').
* "On Hegel, Imperialism, and Structural Stagnation", ''Journal of Development Economics
The ''Journal of Development Economics'' is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Elsevier. It was established in 1974 and is considered the top field journal in development economics.
Its editor-in-chief from 1985 to 2003 was Pr ...
'',('1976').
* "Beyond Asymmetry: Critical Notes on Myself as a Young Man and on Some Other Old Friends." ''International Organization'' 32, no. 1 (Winter 1978): 45–50.
* "Exit, Voice, and the State." ''World Politics'' 31, no. 1 (October 1978): 90–107.
* "The Rise and Decline of Development Economics." ''International Symposium on Latin America'', Bar-Ilan University
Bar-Ilan University (BIU, he, אוניברסיטת בר-אילן, ''Universitat Bar-Ilan'') is a public research university in the Tel Aviv District city of Ramat Gan, Israel. Established in 1955, Bar Ilan is Israel's second-largest academic i ...
, Israel, '1980'.
* "'Exit, Voice, and Loyalty': Further Reflections and a Survey of Recent Contributions." ''The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. Health and Society'' 58, no. 3 (Summer 1980): 430–453.
* "Rival Interpretations of Market Society: Civilizing, Destructive, or Feeble?." ''Journal of Economic Literature'' 20, no. 4 (December 1982): 1463–1484.
* "Against Parsimony: Three Easy Ways of Complicating Some Categories of Economic Discourse." Bulletin of the ''American Academy of Arts and Sciences'' 37, no. 8 (May 1984): 11–28.
* "Against Parsimony: Three Easy Ways of Complicating Some Categories of Economic Discourse." ''American Economic Review
The ''American Economic Review'' is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the American Economic Association. First published in 1911, it is considered one of the most prestigious and highly distinguished journals in the field of ec ...
'' 72, no. 2 (1984): 89–96
* "University Activities Abroad and Human Rights Violations: Exit, Voice, or Business as Usual." ''Human Rights Quarterly'' 6, no. 1 (February 1984): 21–26.
* "The Political Economy of Latin American Development: Seven Exercises in Retrospection." ''Latin American Research Review'' 22, no. 3 (1987): 7–36.
* "Exit, Voice, and the Fate of the German Democratic Republic: An Essay in Conceptual History." ''World Politics'' 45, no. 2 (January 1993): 173–202.
* "Social Conflicts as Pillars of Democratic Market Society." ''Political Theory'' 22, no. 2 (May 1994): 203–218.
Awards
Hirschman was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
The American Academy of Arts and Sciences (abbreviation: AAA&S) is one of the oldest learned societies in the United States. It was founded in 1780 during the American Revolution by John Adams, John Hancock, James Bowdoin, Andrew Oliver, and ...
(1965), the American Philosophical Society
The American Philosophical Society (APS), founded in 1743 in Philadelphia, is a scholarly organization that promotes knowledge in the sciences and humanities through research, professional meetings, publications, library resources, and communit ...
(1979), and the United States National Academy of Sciences
The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a United States nonprofit, non-governmental organization. NAS is part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, along with the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and the Nati ...
(1987).
In 2001, Hirschman was named among the top 100 American intellectuals, as measured by academic citations, in Richard Posner
Richard Allen Posner (; born January 11, 1939) is an American jurist and legal scholar who served as a federal appellate judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit from 1981 to 2017. A senior lecturer at the University of Chica ...
's book, ''Public Intellectuals: A Study of Decline.''
In 2003, he won the Benjamin E. Lippincott Award from the American Political Science Association
The American Political Science Association (APSA) is a professional association of political science students and scholars in the United States. Founded in 1903 in the Tilton Memorial Library (now Tilton Hall) of Tulane University in New Orleans, ...
to recognize a work of exceptional quality by a living political theorist for his book ''The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism before Its Triumph''.
In 2007, the Social Science Research Council
The Social Science Research Council (SSRC) is a US-based, independent, international nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing research in the social sciences and related disciplines. Established in Manhattan in 1923, it today maintains a he ...
established an annual prize in honor of Hirschman.
See also
*Economic development
In the economics study of the public sector, economic and social development is the process by which the economic well-being and quality of life of a nation, region, local community, or an individual are improved according to targeted goals and o ...
* Hirschman cycle
*Exit, Voice, and Loyalty Model
The Exit, Voice, Loyalty (EVL) model or Exit, Voice, Loyalty, Neglect (EVLN) is used in the fields of comparative politics and organizational behavior. It is an Extensive-form game, extensive form game used to model interactions typically involvin ...
*Latin American studies
Latin American studies (LAS) is an academic and research field associated with the study of Latin America. The interdisciplinary study is a subfield of area studies, and can be composed of numerous disciplines such as economics, sociology, history ...
*Fernando Henrique Cardoso
Fernando Henrique Cardoso (; born 18 June 1931), also known by his initials FHC (), is a Brazilian sociologist, professor and politician who served as the 34th president of Brazil from 1 January 1995 to 31 December 2002. He was the first Brazi ...
*Guillermo O'Donnell
Guillermo Alberto O'Donnell Ure (February 24, 1936 – November 29, 2011) was a prominent Argentine political scientist, specializing in comparative politics, who spent most of his career working in Argentina and the United States, and who m ...
*Philippe C. Schmitter
Philippe C. Schmitter is an American political scientist specializing in comparative politics. He is Emeritus Professor of the Department of Political and Social Sciences at the European University Institute.
Career
Schmitter has a B.A. from Da ...
References
;Citations
;Sources
*
Further reading
* Michele Alacevich. 2021.
Albert O. Hirschman: An Intellectual Biography
'. Columbia University Press.
* Jeremy Adelman
Jeremy Adelman (born 1960) is the Henry Charles Lea Professor of History at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA, where he is also the director of the Global History Lab. Previously, he served as the director of the Council for Int ...
. 2013. ''Worldly Philosopher: The Odyssey of Albert O. Hirschman''. Princeton University Press
External links
Albert Hirschman Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University
The New York Review of Books Bibliography
Albert O. Hirschman Prize and Lecture
Obituary from the Institute for Advanced Study
"A great lateral thinker died on December 10th"
The Economist 2012.
* Michael Laver. "Exit, Voice, and Loyalty revisited: The Strategic Production and Consumption of Public and Private Goods," ''British Journal of Political Science''. Vol. 6. (Oct. 1976). pp. 463–482.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hirschman, Albert O.
1915 births
2012 deaths
21st-century American economists
20th-century American economists
American development economists
University of Paris alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Institute for Advanced Study faculty
Latin Americanists
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Harvard University faculty
Columbia University faculty
Alumni of the London School of Economics
American humanitarians
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
University of Trieste alumni
Französisches Gymnasium Berlin alumni
International Brigades personnel
Jewish American academics
Jewish scholars
Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association
Social Science Research Council
Members of the American Philosophical Society