Alas (East Timor) is a town in Alas Subdistrict. It is located in the interior of the island, 294 metres above sea level. As the crow flies, Alas is 56 km southeast of the state capital

Dili Dili (Portuguese/Tetum: ''Díli'') is the capital, largest city of East Timor and the second largest city in Timor islands after Kupang (Indonesia). It lies on the northern coast of the island of Timor, in a small area of flat land hemmed in ...

und 7 km to the East of Same. Alas lies to the North of the

Suco The administrative posts (former subdistricts) of East Timor are subdivided into 442 ''sucos'' ("villages") and 2,336 ''aldeias'' ("communities").http://www.unmiset.org/legal/RDTL-Law/RDTL-Minist-Orders/Decree-Order-2003-6.pdf List of sucos by ...

of Mahaquidan (''Malaquidan'', ''Malagidan''), and the Alas suburbs of ''Uma Mean'' (''Umanican'', ''Umamean'') and ''Beremanek'' are located in Mahaquidan. The suburbs of ''Lurin'' und ''Ailora'' are in the suco of Taitudac (''Taitudak'', ''Taitudac'', ''Taitudal''). It is located in the interior of the island, 294 metres above sea level. As the crow flies, Alas is 56 km southeast of the state capital

und 7 km to the East of Same. Alas lies to the North of the

of Mahaquidan (''Malaquidan'', ''Malagidan''), and the Alas suburbs of ''Uma Mean'' (''Umanican'', ''Umamean'') and ''Beremanek'' are located in Mahaquidan. The suburbs of ''Lurin'' und ''Ailora'' are in the suco of Taitudac (''Taitudak'', ''Taitudac'', ''Taitudal''). There is a medical station and a helicopter in Alas, as well as a primary school (''Escola primaria Alas Vila'') and a pre-secondary school.UNMIT-map of Manufahi, August 2008
(PDF; 523 kB)

History

Pre-colonial and Portuguese Timor

Alas was one of the traditional kingdoms of Timor, ruled by a

Liurai Liurai is a ruler's title on Timor. The word is Tetun and literally means "surpassing the earth". It is originally associated with Wehali, a ritually central kingdom situated at the south coast of Central Timor (now included in Indonesia). The sa ...

. Alas appears in a list of 47 territories governed by a former Governor of

Portuguese Timor Portuguese Timor ( pt, Timor Português) was a colonial possession of Portugal that existed between 1702 and 1975. During most of this period, Portugal shared the island of Timor with the Dutch East Indies. The first Europeans to arrive in the ...

, Afonso de Castro in 1868 AD. In 1700, the Liurai of Alas was converted to Christianity by a

Dominican friar The Order of Preachers ( la, Ordo Praedicatorum) abbreviated OP, also known as the Dominicans, is a Catholic mendicant order of Pontifical Right for men founded in Toulouse, France, by the Spanish priest, saint and mystic Dominic of Cal ...

Manuel de Santo AntónioArtur Teodoro de Matos: ''D. Frei Manuel de Santo António: missionário e primeiro bispo residente em Timor. Elementos para a sua biografia (1660-1733)''
(in Portuguese) In 1761-62 ''Dom José'', the Liurai of Alas was a member of the governing council which took over the running of Portuguese Timor following the expulsion and death of Governor Sebastião de Azevedo e Brito. During the Cová rebellion (1868-1871), Alas sent troops to support the Portuguese colonial authorities. However, during the Manufahi rebellion in 1911–12, Alas sided with the rebels.History of Timor – Technical University of Lisbon
(PDF; 824 kB)

1975 Civil War

During the 1975 civil war, supporters of the UDT and the

FRETILIN The Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor ( pt, Frente Revolucionária de Timor-Leste Independente, abbreviated as Fretilin) is a centre-left political party in East Timor. They presently hold 23 of 65 seats in the National Parliame ...

movement, who had previously been in coalition, were involved in numerous altercations. On 27 August 1975, prompted by news that FRETILIN supporters were approaching the area, eleven prisoners belonging to either FRETILIN or its youth wing UNETIM were brought from Same to the beach at ‘'Meti Oan'’ in Mahaquidan ''suco'' and killed. Among the victims was the president of UNETIM, Domingos Lobato, brother of

Nicolau Nicolau is a Portuguese and Catalan given name, a variant of Nicholas. People known by this name include: * Nicolau Coelho, Portuguese explorer * Nicolau dos Reis Lobato, East-Timorese politician and national hero * Nicolau Tolentino de Almeida, t ...

and Rogerio Lobato."Chapter 7.2 Unlawful Killings and Enforced Disappearances"
(PDF; 2,5 MB) from the "Chega!"-Report produced by the

Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor The Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (more commonly known by its Portuguese acronym CAVR: Comissão de Acolhimento, Verdade e Reconciliação de Timor Leste) was an independent truth commission established in East Ti ...

Indonesian Invasion and Occupation

Following the Indonesian invasion in December 1975, Alas was one of the areas to which the

FALINTIL The Armed Forces for the National Liberation of East Timor (, FALINTIL) originally began as the military wing of the political party FRETILIN of East Timor. It was established on 20 August 1975 in response to FRETILIN's political conflict with ...

resistance movement retreated, and the location of the South-Central resistance base (''base de apoio Centro Sul''). This base initially sheltered refugees from

Manatuto Manatuto is a city in Manatuto Municipality, East Timor. Manatuto Vila has 3,692 inhabitants (Census 2015) and is capital of the subdistrict and district Manatuto. It is on the north coast of Timor, (about as the crow flies) east of Dili, t ...

, Same, Dili,

Liquiçá Liquiçá (Tetum: ''Likisá'') is a coastal city in East Timor, 32 km to the west of Dili, the national capital. Liquiçá is the capital of Liquiçá District. The city has a population of 5,005 inhabitants. History A part of the coloni ...

Ermera Ermera (''Vila Ermera'') is a city in East Timor and a former capital of the East Timorese community, Ermera. ''Ermera'' in Mambai means "red water." It has a population of 8,907. Its geographical coordinates are , and it lies above sea l ...

, Aileu and

Ainaro Ainaro is a town in East Timor, the capital of the Ainaro suco, the Ainaro administrative post and the Ainaro Municipality, and is located in the southwest part of the country. The town of Ainaro is located 78 km south of Dili, the nat ...

, and in 1978 also received refugees from

Turiscai Turiscai is a village in the Turiscai administrative post, Manufahi municipality of East Timor East Timor (), also known as Timor-Leste (), officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is an island country in Southeast Asia. It c ...

In August 1978, the base was attacked by Indonesian forces. During the three-month siege which followed, many civilians were killed or died of hunger and thousands of East Timorese surrendered or were taken prisoner. Prisoners from Alas, as well as those from other regions such as Same, Fatuberlio, Turiscai,

Maubisse Maubisse (''Maubesse, Mau-Bessi, Maobisse, Maubise'') is a historic town in the hills 70 km south of Dili, in Ainaro District, East Timor. It is a popular tourist destination and a weekend visiting spot for people from the capital. The s ...

, Aileu,

Soibada Soibada is a town in the Soibada Administrative Post, Manatuto District of East Timor East Timor (), also known as Timor-Leste (), officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is an island country in Southeast Asia. It compris ...

und Natarbora, were interned in military camps in Selihassan or Same, or taken to temporary camps near Alas town: ''Uma Metan'' (the Black House), 400 metres south of Alas town; or ''Lebos'', 2 km to the Southwest. A further "settlement camp" was located in Besusu (Suco

Uma Berloic Parvati ( sa, पार्वती, ), Uma ( sa, उमा, ) or Gauri ( sa, गौरी, ) is the Hindu goddess of power, energy, nourishment, harmony, love, beauty, devotion, and motherhood. She is a physical representation of Mahadevi in ...

). At one point, 8000 people were interned in Uma Metan. Prisoners were given only a small can of maize each week, and were forbidden to leave the camp to seek more food or tend gardens. The nearest water source was 500 metres away. Witnesses allege that five or six people died daily from starvation. Illnesses such as

tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by '' Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in ...

beri-beri Thiamine deficiency is a medical condition of low levels of thiamine (Vitamin B1). A severe and chronic form is known as beriberi. The two main types in adults are wet beriberi and dry beriberi. Wet beriberi affects the cardiovascular system, r ...

and

diarrhoea Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose, liquid, or watery bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin wi ...

were rife, and there was no medical care. Executions of those involved in the resistance were also common. On the orders of their captors, the prisoners built a village hall and a school, where they were to be taught the Indonesian language. In reality however, the "pupils" of this school were young female prisoners, and the "school" quickly became the site of mass rape by army personnel. Residents of the area allege that around 2,000 people were buried in mass graves near Uma Metan."Chapter 7.3 Forced Displacement and Famine"
(PDF; 1,3 MB) from the "Chega!"-Report produced by the

The Uma Metan and Lebos camps were important military bases for the Indonesian forces fighting resistance supporters in the mountains of Manufahi. Among others, units from the 700 Land-Air Battalion, the 745 and 310 Battalions and ''Kopassandha'' special forces unit were stationed here. Alas was also the headquarters for the 'Koramil' sub-district territorial command and the

Hansip Hansip ( id, Pertahanan Sipil, , Civil Defense) was a type of local security officers of an administrative village in Indonesia. Based on Presidential Decree No. 55/ 1972, Hansip is part of defense and security component in Total Defense and Secur ...

civil defence force. In 1979, areas previously not occupied by the Indonesian forces came under attack. Residents of these areas fled to

Sarin Sarin (NATO designation GB G-series, "B"">Nerve_agent#G-series.html" ;"title="hort for Nerve agent#G-series">G-series, "B" is an extremely toxic synthetic organophosphorus compound. In 1981, the inhabitants of Bubussuso and Fahinehan were forcibly resettled in Dotik after they were suspected of supplying

resistance fighters with food. Between 1970 and 1980 the number of inhabitants in the Alas sank by 29%, falling from 5,034 to 3,574.

Violence following East Timor Special Autonomy Referendum

A referendum held on 20 August 1998 was met with overwhelming support (78.5% in favour) for independence, and followed by an explosion of violence between pro-independence militias and Indonesian armed forces. On 9 November 1998, fighters from the

movement killed three Indonesian soldiers and captured a further 13, 11 of whom were later released. Nine FALINTIL militants were also killed in the attack. The following day, the Indonesian armed forces began retaliatory operations throughout the sub district of Alas. . On 13 November, Indonesian soldiers entered the ''suco'' of Taitudac and took the village chief, Vicente Xavier, and four others prisoner. They were taken to Barique and executed. At the time, the Commander of the Indonesian army in East Timor alleged that Xavier had been the brains behind the FALINTIL attack on 9 November. On 15 November, Indonesian troops entered the village of Turin, and again attacked Taitudac. Two of Xavier's nieces, both teenagers, were arrested and taken to the district military headquarters in Same where they were kept in solitary confinement. On 16 November, a further 11 people were arrested in

Kopassus The Kopassus ( id, Komando Pasukan Khusus, Special Forces Command) is an Indonesian Army (TNI-AD) special forces group that conducts special operations missions for the Indonesian government, such as direct action, unconventional warfare, sa ...

, in the ‘'sucos'’ of Taittudac and Betano. Houses in Aituha were also razed. Many of the people in the affected villages sought sanctuary in church buildings. Those who stayed behind were faced with food and water shortages, as the Indonesian troops had destroyed the water pipelines. In total, around 50 people were executed and a further 30 imprisoned during the operations. This information could be disputed from independent investigation.Millen, Colonel Brian: Visit to East Timor (Bourne, Sen Vicki, Newman, Sen Jocelyn)
/ref>

References

{{Reflist

Populated places in East Timor Manufahi Municipality