Ibn Zafil
Shams al-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr ibn Ayyūb al-Zurʿī l-Dimashqī l-Ḥanbalī (29 January 1292–15 September 1350 CE / 691 AH–751 AH), commonly known as Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya ("The son of the principal of السيف الصقيل في الرد على ابن زفيل, lit=The Burnished Sword in Refuting Ibn Zafil erogatory name for Ibn al-Qayyim}), is a theological">Ibn_al-Qayyim<_a>.html" ;"title="erogatory name for Ibn al-Qayyim">erogatory name for Ibn al-Qayyim}), is a theological book, written by the Shafi'i-Ash'ari scholar Taqi al-Din al-Subki (d. 756/1355), as a refutation against Ibn al-Qayyim's poem entitled ''al-Kafiya al-Shafiya fi al-Intisar lil-Firqa al-Najiya'' ( ar, الكافية الشافية في الانتصار للفرقة الناجية, lit=The Sufficient and Healing
oem
An original equipment manufacturer (OEM) is generally perceived as a company that produces non-aftermarket parts and equipment that may be marketed by another manufacturer. It is a common industry term recognized and used by many professional or ...
on the Victory of the Saved Sect), known popularly as ''al-Qasida al-Nuniyya'' ( ar, القصيدة النونية, lit=Ode Rhyming in the Letter Nun}).
Al-Subki considered the poem to be
blasphemous
Blasphemy is a speech crime and religious crime usually defined as an utterance that shows contempt, disrespects or insults a deity, an object considered sacred or something considered inviolable. Some religions regard blasphemy as a religiou ...
due to its ideological practice of
takfir
''Takfir'' or ''takfīr'' ( ar, تكفير, takfīr) is an Arabic and Islamic term which denotes excommunication from Islam of one Muslim by another, i.e. accusing another Muslim to be an apostate. The word is found neither in the Quran nor in ...
(excommunication of other Muslims), and due to its theological deviations about the Divine Attributes, i.e.,
anthropomorphism
Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology.
Personification is the related attribution of human form and characteristics t ...
and
anthropopathism
Anthropopathism (from Greek ἄνθρωπος ''anthropos'', "human" and πάθος ''pathos'', "suffering") is the attribution of human emotions, or the ascription of human feelings or passions to a non-human being, generally to a deity.
By c ...
.
Al-Subki purposely cited sections of the poem and also referred to
Ibn Taymiyya
Ibn Taymiyyah (January 22, 1263 – September 26, 1328; ar, ابن تيمية), birth name Taqī ad-Dīn ʾAḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm ibn ʿAbd al-Salām al-Numayrī al-Ḥarrānī ( ar, تقي الدين أحمد بن عبد الحليم ...
. He strove to disqualify the derogatory designations used by Ibn al-Qayyim when he referred to the Ash'aris as Jahmiyya and
Mu'attila
In Islamic theology, taʿṭīl ( ar, تَعْطِيل) means "divesting" God of His attributes. The word literally means to suspend and stop the work and refers to a form of apophatic theology which is said because God bears no resemblance t ...
, etc. Moreover, al-Subki explored several theological aspects concerning God's entity and His attributes in terms of figurative interpretation (
ta'wil
Esoteric interpretation of the Quran ( ar, تأويل, taʾwīl) is the allegorical interpretation of the Quran or the quest for its hidden, inner meanings. The Arabic word ''taʾwīl'' was synonymous with Tafsir, conventional interpretation in i ...
) and also deals with
eschatological
Eschatology (; ) concerns expectations of the end of the present age, human history, or of the world itself. The end of the world or end times is predicted by several world religions (both Abrahamic and non-Abrahamic), which teach that negati ...
issues.
The book was re-edited and commented on by
Hanafi
The Hanafi school ( ar, حَنَفِية, translit=Ḥanafiyah; also called Hanafite in English), Hanafism, or the Hanafi fiqh, is the oldest and one of the four traditional major Sunni schools ( maddhab) of Islamic Law (Fiqh). It is named aft ...
Maturidi
Māturīdī theology or Māturīdism ( ar, الماتريدية: ''al-Māturīdiyyah'') is one of the main Sunnī schools of Islamic theology, founded by the Persian Muslim scholar, Ḥanafī jurist, reformer (''Mujaddid''), and scholastic th ...
scholar
Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari
Muhammad Zahid b. Hasan al-Kawthari (; 1879–1952) was the adjunct to the last Shaykh al-Islam of the Ottoman Empire, a Hanafi Maturidi scholar.
Overview
He was born in 1879 in Düzce, now in Turkey (back then in the Ottoman Empire), to fa ...
(d. 1371/1951), under the title of ''Tabdid al-Zalam al-Mukhim min Nuniyyat Ibn al-Qayyim'' ( ar, تبديد الظلام المخيم من نونية ابن القيم).
The Hanafi hadith scholar
Murtada al-Zabidi
Murtaza or Morteza or Mortaza, a Persianate form of the Arabic Murtada or Murtadha ( ar, مرتضى, translit=Murtaḍā, lit=One Pleasing to God, label=none), is a common Muslim name. Pronunciation varies with accent, from native Arabic speakers ...
(d. 1205/ 1791) — in the introduction to his book ''Ithaf al-Sada al-Muttaqin'' (commentary on
Ihya' 'Ulum al-Din
''Iḥyā′ ‘Ulūm al-Dīn'' (; ) is a 12th-century book written by Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazali. The book was composed in Arabic and was inspired by a personal religious experience. It is regarded as one of his chief wo ...
by
al-Ghazali
Al-Ghazali ( – 19 December 1111; ), full name (), and known in Persian-speaking countries as Imam Muhammad-i Ghazali (Persian: امام محمد غزالی) or in Medieval Europe by the Latinized as Algazelus or Algazel, was a Persian polymat ...
) — quoted at some length from the refutation written by al-Subki.
List of Sunni books
This is a list of significant books in the doctrines of Sunni Islam. A classical example of an index of Islamic books can be found in Kitāb al-Fihrist of Ibn Al-Nadim.
The Qur'an and its translations (in English)
:# ''The Meaning of the Glorio ...