Akoris ( grc, Ἄκωρις or Ἀκορίς);
Egyptian
Egyptian describes something of, from, or related to Egypt.
Egyptian or Egyptians may refer to:
Nations and ethnic groups
* Egyptians, a national group in North Africa
** Egyptian culture, a complex and stable culture with thousands of years of ...
: Mer-nefer(et) (
Old
Old or OLD may refer to:
Places
*Old, Baranya, Hungary
*Old, Northamptonshire, England
*Old Street station, a railway and tube station in London (station code OLD)
*OLD, IATA code for Old Town Municipal Airport and Seaplane Base, Old Town, Mai ...
and
Middle Kingdoms), Per-Imen-mat-khent(j) (New Kingdom), or Dehenet (since
26th Dynasty) is the
Greek
Greek may refer to:
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*Greeks, an ethnic group.
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family.
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
name for the modern
Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediter ...
ian village of (, from
), located about 12 km north of
Al Minya. The ancient site is situated in the southeast of the modern village.
Location
Akoris is located on the east bank of the Nile, at and below the
limestone
Limestone ( calcium carbonate ) is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of . Limestone forms whe ...
cliffs about 12 km north of
Al Minya. The limestone cliffs at the east side of the place are divided here by a valley, the (Arabic الوادي الطهناوي). The southern rock looks like a lying lion. Anciently, it lay in the
Cynopolite Nome, north of
Antinoopolis.
Names of the site
The site was named with several names. In the Old and Middle Kingdoms ''Mer-nefer(et)'' (''nice channel'') was used. In the New Kingdom the site was named ''Per-Imen-m3t-khent(j)'' (''The house of Amun the foremost lion''). In the
Late period (from 26th dynasty) it was named ''T3-dehenet'' (''the cliff top'').
In Greek times the names of Ἄκωρις (Akoris or in Latin Acoris) or Τῆνις (Tēnis) were given. The name of Akoris can be found in the third line of the rock stele of
Ptolemy V Epiphanes
egy, Iwaennetjerwymerwyitu Seteppah Userkare Sekhem-ankhamun Clayton (2006) p. 208.
, predecessor = Ptolemy IV
, successor = Ptolemy VI
, horus = '' ḥwnw-ḫꜤj-m-nsw-ḥr-st-jt.f'Khunukhaiemnisutkhersetitef'' The youth who ...
at this site. Akoris is also mentioned by the geographer
Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy (; grc-gre, Πτολεμαῖος, ; la, Claudius Ptolemaeus; AD) was a mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist, who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were of importanc ...
,
and the town appears in the
Tabula Peutingeriana
' (Latin Language, Latin for "The Peutinger Map"), also referred to as Peutinger's Tabula or Peutinger Table, is an illustrated ' (ancient Roman road map) showing the layout of the ''cursus publicus'', the road network of the Roman Empire.
The m ...
.
[
The Arabic name Tihna () comes from .]
History
The site was settled since the Old Kingdom
In ancient Egyptian history, the Old Kingdom is the period spanning c. 2700–2200 BC. It is also known as the "Age of the Pyramids" or the "Age of the Pyramid Builders", as it encompasses the reigns of the great pyramid-builders of the Fourth ...
. It was an important administrative town in the 17th upper-Egyptian nome in all ancient Egyptian times. It is the site of many rock-cut tombs, which belonged to officials of the Old Kingdom and the priests of the Late Period.
Archaeological remains came only from the New Kingdom
New is an adjective referring to something recently made, discovered, or created.
New or NEW may refer to:
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* New, singer of K-pop group The Boyz
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* ''New'' (album), by Paul McCartney, 2013
* ''New'' (EP), by Regurgitator, ...
and earlier times. In the New Kingdom the Temple of Amun
Amun (; also ''Amon'', ''Ammon'', ''Amen''; egy, jmn, reconstructed as (Old Egyptian and early Middle Egyptian) → (later Middle Egyptian) → (Late Egyptian), cop, Ⲁⲙⲟⲩⲛ, Amoun) romanized: ʾmn) was a major ancient Egyptian ...
was established in a former Old Kingdom tomb by Ramesses II and enlarged by Ramesses III. It is assumed that a fortress was established at this site in Persian times because of the strategic location of the town but no part of the fortress remains.
Akoris became an important town during the Greek
Greek may refer to:
Greece
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group.
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family.
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
and Roman
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
*Rome, the capital city of Italy
*Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
*Roman people, the people of ancient Rome
*''Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a letter ...
periods, and its name was changed to Akoris. The today's settlement traces came from the Roman and Coptic times.
Monuments
Akoris is home to several archaeological sites, including a number of rock-cut tombs from the Old Kingdom
In ancient Egyptian history, the Old Kingdom is the period spanning c. 2700–2200 BC. It is also known as the "Age of the Pyramids" or the "Age of the Pyramid Builders", as it encompasses the reigns of the great pyramid-builders of the Fourth ...
period, known as Fraser Tombs
The Fraser Tombs are a necropolis located northeast of Al Minya, Upper Egypt. They sit around south of Tihna el-Gebel village, which was an ancient limestone quarry.
The rock-cut sepulchres date to the Fourth and Fifth Dynasties of the O ...
(about 2 km south of Akoris). Akoris comprises also two temples from early Egyptian history (New Kingdom
New is an adjective referring to something recently made, discovered, or created.
New or NEW may refer to:
Music
* New, singer of K-pop group The Boyz
Albums and EPs
* ''New'' (album), by Paul McCartney, 2013
* ''New'' (EP), by Regurgitator, ...
until the Roman period), a rock chapel (called rock chapel C), a Greek funeral chapel (formerly called “Roman temple”), two rock stelae of Ramesses III
Usermaatre Meryamun Ramesses III (also written Ramses and Rameses) was the second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty in Ancient Egypt. He is thought to have reigned from 26 March 1186 to 15 April 1155 BC and is considered to be the last great monar ...
, a rock stele of Ptolemy V Epiphanes
egy, Iwaennetjerwymerwyitu Seteppah Userkare Sekhem-ankhamun Clayton (2006) p. 208.
, predecessor = Ptolemy IV
, successor = Ptolemy VI
, horus = '' ḥwnw-ḫꜤj-m-nsw-ḥr-st-jt.f'Khunukhaiemnisutkhersetitef'' The youth who ...
, a stele of Diana and the Gemini twins Castor and Pollux
Castor; grc, Κάστωρ, Kástōr, beaver. and Pollux. (or Polydeukes). are twin half-brothers in Greek and Roman mythology, known together as the Dioscuri.; grc, Διόσκουροι, Dióskouroi, sons of Zeus, links=no, from ''Dîos'' ('Z ...
and a necropolis from the Greek and Roman periods. These monuments are scattered for about 3 km along the desert and the limestone rocks.
Gods
The gods are related to the site location and shape of the rocks. The earliest goddess of this site is maybe a lion goddess. From the Fraser Tombs the goddess Hathor
Hathor ( egy, ḥwt-ḥr, lit=House of Horus, grc, Ἁθώρ , cop, ϩⲁⲑⲱⲣ, Meroitic: ) was a major goddess in ancient Egyptian religion who played a wide variety of roles. As a sky deity, she was the mother or consort of the sky ...
, mistress of the valley entrance, is known (time of Menkaura
Menkaure (also Menkaura, Egyptian transliteration ''mn-k3w-Rˁ''), was an ancient Egyptian king (pharaoh) of the fourth dynasty during the Old Kingdom, who is well known under his Hellenized names Mykerinos ( gr, Μυκερῖνος) (by Hero ...
, 4th Dynasty). Starting from the 18th Dynasty the god Amun
Amun (; also ''Amon'', ''Ammon'', ''Amen''; egy, jmn, reconstructed as (Old Egyptian and early Middle Egyptian) → (later Middle Egyptian) → (Late Egyptian), cop, Ⲁⲙⲟⲩⲛ, Amoun) romanized: ʾmn) was a major ancient Egyptian ...
the foremost lion is adored. The god Sobek
Sobek (also called Sebek or Sobki, cop, Ⲥⲟⲩⲕ, Souk) was an ancient Egyptian deity with a complex and elastic history and nature. He is associated with the Nile crocodile or the West African crocodile and is represented either in its f ...
, Lord of Behet (Lord of the mouth of the desert path), was added at the 26th Dynasty and became later the main god of the site. Other gods like Thoth
Thoth (; from grc-koi, Θώθ ''Thṓth'', borrowed from cop, Ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ ''Thōout'', Egyptian: ', the reflex of " eis like the Ibis") is an ancient Egyptian deity. In art, he was often depicted as a man with the head of an ibis or a ...
, Isis
Isis (; ''Ēse''; ; Meroitic: ''Wos'' 'a''or ''Wusa''; Phoenician: 𐤀𐤎, romanized: ʾs) was a major goddess in ancient Egyptian religion whose worship spread throughout the Greco-Roman world. Isis was first mentioned in the Old Kingd ...
and/or Mut
Mut, also known as Maut and Mout, was a mother goddess worshipped in ancient Egypt and the Kingdom of Kush in present-day North Sudan. In Meroitic, her name was pronounced mata): 𐦨𐦴. Her name means ''mother'' in the ancient Egyptian l ...
, Osiris
Osiris (, from Egyptian ''wsjr'', cop, ⲟⲩⲥⲓⲣⲉ , ; Phoenician: 𐤀𐤎𐤓, romanized: ʾsr) is the god of fertility, agriculture, the afterlife, the dead, resurrection, life, and vegetation in ancient Egyptian religion. He was ...
, Horus
Horus or Heru, Hor, Har in Ancient Egyptian, is one of the most significant ancient Egyptian deities who served many functions, most notably as god of kingship and the sky. He was worshipped from at least the late prehistoric Egypt until the P ...
and Khonsu
Khonsu ( egy, ḫnsw; also transliterated Chonsu, Khensu, Khons, Chons or Khonshu; cop, Ϣⲟⲛⲥ, Shons) is the ancient Egyptian god of the Moon. His name means "traveller", and this may relate to the perceived nightly travel of the Moon ...
were adored from Greek-Roman times.
Mining
Like similar sites in the north and south of Akoris, this site was used as a limestone quarry in ancient times.
Excavations
Records of the site were made during Napoleon's expedition to Egypt. A more comprehensive investigation was made by the German expedition conducted by Karl Richard Lepsius
Karl Richard Lepsius ( la, Carolus Richardius Lepsius) (23 December 181010 July 1884) was a pioneering Prussian Egyptologist, linguist and modern archaeologist.
He is widely known for his magnum opus ''Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien'' ...
in the 1850s. At the beginning of the 20th century further investigations were made by Ahmed Kamal and Gustave Lefebvre
Gustave Lefebvre (17 July 1879 – 1 November 1957) was a French Egyptologist. As inspector for Middle Egypt for the Egyptian Antiquities Service headed by Gaston Maspero, he managed the partage of Ludwig Borchardt's excavations at el- Amarna, ...
. Since 1981 new comprehensive excavations have been carried out by a Japanese team under H. Kawanishi. They uncovered a fine but fragmentary Middle Kingdom model of a wooden boat. Since 2002, the team has investigated the southern part of the site and uncovered the TIP town.
The so-called Fraser Tombs
The Fraser Tombs are a necropolis located northeast of Al Minya, Upper Egypt. They sit around south of Tihna el-Gebel village, which was an ancient limestone quarry.
The rock-cut sepulchres date to the Fourth and Fifth Dynasties of the O ...
were firstly discovered by the German Egyptologist Heinrich Brugsch
Heinrich Karl Brugsch (also ''Brugsch-Pasha'') (18 February 18279 September 1894) was a German Egyptologist. He was associated with Auguste Mariette in his excavations at Memphis. He became director of the School of Egyptology at Cairo, producin ...
in 1853 and firstly described by the British civil engineer George Willoughby Fraser
George Willoughby Fraser (baptized 5 August 1866 – 24 November 1923) was an English civil engineer who operated at the service of the Egypt Exploration Fund. His parents were Sir Thomas Fraser and Matilda Wildman.
As part of his work f ...
half a century later.
See also
*List of ancient Egyptian sites
This is a list of ancient Egyptian sites, throughout all of Egypt and Nubia. Sites are listed by their classical name whenever possible, if not by their modern name, and lastly with their ancient name if no other is available.
Nomes
A nome ...
, including sites of temples
References
Further reading
* ''Description de l’Égypte'', Texte, vol. IV, pp. 372 – 377; Antiquités, vol. IV, plates 67.14–67.20.
* Karl Richard Lepsius
Karl Richard Lepsius ( la, Carolus Richardius Lepsius) (23 December 181010 July 1884) was a pioneering Prussian Egyptologist, linguist and modern archaeologist.
He is widely known for his magnum opus ''Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien'' ...
, ''Denkmäler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien'', Text vol. II, pp. 50–54; Tafeln Abth. 6, vol. XII, plates 75.15-75.23.
* Ahmed Kamal, ''Fouilles à Tehneh'', in: ''Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte'', vol. 4 (1903), pp. 232–241.
* Gustave Lefebvre
Gustave Lefebvre (17 July 1879 – 1 November 1957) was a French Egyptologist. As inspector for Middle Egypt for the Egyptian Antiquities Service headed by Gaston Maspero, he managed the partage of Ludwig Borchardt's excavations at el- Amarna, ...
, L. Barry, ''Rapport sur les fouilles exécutées à Tehnéh en 1903–1904'', in: ''Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte'', vol. 6 (1905), pp. 141–158, 2 plates.
* Labib Habachi
Labib Habachi (لبيب حبشي) (April 18, 1906 – February 18, 1984) was an influential Coptic Egyptian Egyptologist.
Dr Habachi spent 30 years in the Antiquities Department of the Egyptian Government, ending his career as Chief inspector. ...
, ''Three Large Rock-Stelae Carved by Ramesses III near Quarries''. In: ''The Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt'', ISSN 0065-9991, vol. 11 (1974), pp. 69 – 75, in particular pp. 71 – 73, plates 7 and 10.
* Rostislav Holthoer, Richard Ahlquist, ''The “Roman Temple” at Tehna el-Gebel'', Helsinki, 1974, (Studia Orientalia Edidit Societas Orientalis Fennica; 43,7), .
* Dieter Kessler, ''Historische Topographie der Region zwischen Mallawi und Samaluṭ'', Wiesbaden : Reichert, 1981, , pp. 253 – 290.
* Paleological Association of Japan / Egyptian Committee, ''Akoris : report of the excavations at Akoris in Middle Egypt; 1981–1992'', Kyoto, Koyo Shobo, 1995.
* Rosemarie Klemm, Dietrich D. Klemm, ''Stone and Stone Quarries in Ancient Egypt'', London, British Museum Press, 2008, (Translation from the German ''Steine und Steinbrüche im alten Ägypten'', Berlin, 1993)
* Kawanishi, H., Tsujimura, S. and Hanasaka, T. (eds.) ''Preliminary Report AKORIS'', Tsukuba, University of Tsukuba, 1999-, ISSN 1344-9893
External links
*
* − most comprehensive web resource
Akoris Archive
- Official website of Akoris Archaeological Project
{{Authority control
Archaeological sites in Egypt
Populated places in Minya Governorate
Populated places in ancient Egypt