linguistics Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It is called a scientific study because it entails a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of language, particularly its nature and structure. Linguis ...

, Aeolic Greek (), also known as Aeolian (), Lesbian or Lesbic dialect, is the set of

dialects of Ancient Greek Ancient Greek in classical antiquity, before the development of the common Koine Greek of the Hellenistic period, was divided into several varieties. Most of these varieties are known only from inscriptions, but a few of them, principally Aeolic ...

spoken mainly in

Boeotia Boeotia ( ), sometimes Latinized as Boiotia or Beotia ( el, Βοιωτία; modern: ; ancient: ), formerly known as Cadmeis, is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Central Greece. Its capital is Livadeia, and its lar ...

; in

Thessaly Thessaly ( el, Θεσσαλία, translit=Thessalía, ; ancient Thessalian: , ) is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region of Greece, comprising most of the ancient region of the same name. Before the Greek Dark Ages, Thes ...

; in the Aegean island of Lesbos; and in the

Greek colonies Greek colonization was an organised colonial expansion by the Archaic Greeks into the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea in the period of the 8th–6th centuries BC. This colonization differed from the migrations of the Greek Dark Ages in that it ...

of Aeolis in

Anatolia Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The re ...

and adjoining islands. The Aeolic dialect shows many

archaism In language, an archaism (from the grc, ἀρχαϊκός, ''archaïkós'', 'old-fashioned, antiquated', ultimately , ''archaîos'', 'from the beginning, ancient') is a word, a sense of a word, or a style of speech or writing that belongs to a hi ...

s in comparison to the other Ancient Greek dialects (

Arcadocypriot Arcadocypriot, or southern Achaean, was an ancient Greek dialect spoken in Arcadia in the central Peloponnese and in Cyprus. Its resemblance to Mycenaean Greek, as it is known from the Linear B corpus, suggests that Arcadocypriot is its descend ...

Attic An attic (sometimes referred to as a '' loft'') is a space found directly below the pitched roof of a house or other building; an attic may also be called a ''sky parlor'' or a garret. Because attics fill the space between the ceiling of the ...

, Ionic, and

Doric Doric may refer to: * Doric, of or relating to the Dorians of ancient Greece ** Doric Greek, the dialects of the Dorians * Doric order, a style of ancient Greek architecture * Doric mode, a synonym of Dorian mode * Doric dialect (Scotland) * Doric ...

varieties), as well as many innovations. Aeolic Greek is widely known as the language of

Sappho Sappho (; el, Σαπφώ ''Sapphō'' ; Aeolic Greek ''Psápphō''; c. 630 – c. 570 BC) was an Archaic Greek poet from Eresos or Mytilene on the island of Lesbos. Sappho is known for her Greek lyric, lyric poetry, written to be sung while ...

and of

Alcaeus of Mytilene Alcaeus of Mytilene (; grc, Ἀλκαῖος ὁ Μυτιληναῖος, ''Alkaios ho Mutilēnaios''; – BC) was a lyric poet from the Greek island of Lesbos who is credited with inventing the Alcaic stanza. He was included in the canonical ...

. Aeolic poetry, which is exemplified in the works of Sappho, mostly uses four classical meters known as the Aeolics: Glyconic (the most basic form of Aeolic line),

hendecasyllabic In poetry, a hendecasyllable (sometimes hendecasyllabic) is a line of eleven syllables. The term may refer to several different poetic meters, the older of which are quantitative and used chiefly in classical (Ancient Greek and Latin) poetry, and ...

verse, Sapphic stanza, and Alcaic stanza (the latter two are respectively named for Sappho and Alcaeus). In

Plato Plato ( ; grc-gre, Πλάτων ; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a Greek philosopher born in Athens during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. He founded the Platonist school of thought and the Academy, the first institution ...

's ''Protagoras'', Prodicus labelled the Aeolic dialect of

Pittacus of Mytilene Pittacus (; grc-gre, Πιττακός; 640 – 568 BC) was an ancient Mytilenean military general and one of the Seven Sages of Greece. Biography Pittacus was a native of Mytilene and son of Hyrradius. He became a Mytilenaean general who, with ...

as "

barbarian A barbarian (or savage) is someone who is perceived to be either Civilization, uncivilized or primitive. The designation is usually applied as a generalization based on a popular stereotype; barbarians can be members of any nation judged by som ...

" (''barbaros''), because of its difference from the Attic literary style: "He didn't know to distinguish the words correctly, being from Lesbos, and having been raised with a barbarian dialect".

Phonology

Consonants

Labiovelars

Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages. No direct record of Proto-Indo-E ...

and Proto-Greek ''*'' changed to Aeolic ''p'' everywhere. By contrast, PIE ''*'' changed to

/ Ionic,

, and

''t'' before ''e'' and ''i''. * PIE * → Lesbian ''písures'', Boeotian ''péttares'' ~ Attic téttares, Ionic ''tésseres'', Doric ''tétores'' "four" Similarly PIE/PGk ''*'' always became ''b'' and PIE ''*'' > PGk ''*'' always became ''ph'' (whereas in other dialects they became alternating ''b''/''d'' and ''ph''/''th'' before back/front vowels). Labiovelars were treated the same way in the

P-Celtic The Gallo-Brittonic languages, also known as the P-Celtic languages, are a subdivision of the Celtic languages of Ancient Gaul (both '' celtica'' and '' belgica'') and Celtic Britain, which share certain features. Besides common linguistic in ...

languages and the Sabellic languages.

Sonorant clusters

A Proto-Greek

consonant cluster In linguistics, a consonant cluster, consonant sequence or consonant compound, is a group of consonants which have no intervening vowel. In English, for example, the groups and are consonant clusters in the word ''splits''. In the education fie ...

with ''h'' (from Indo-European ) and a sonorant (''r, l, n, m, w, y'') changed to a double sonorant (''rr, ll, nn, mm, ww, yy'') in Lesbian and Thessalian (sub-dialects of Aeolic) by

assimilation Assimilation may refer to: Culture *Cultural assimilation, the process whereby a minority group gradually adapts to the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture and customs **Language shift, also known as language assimilation, the progre ...

. In Attic/Ionic, Doric, and Boeotian Aeolic, the ''h'' assimilated to the vowel before the consonant cluster, causing the vowel to lengthen by

compensatory lengthening Compensatory lengthening in phonology and historical linguistics is the lengthening of a vowel sound that happens upon the loss of a following consonant, usually in the syllable coda, or of a vowel in an adjacent syllable. Lengthening triggered ...

. :

PIE A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a pastry dough casing that contains a filling of various sweet or savoury ingredients. Sweet pies may be filled with fruit (as in an apple pie), nuts ( pecan pie), brown sugar ( sugar pie), swe ...

''VsR'' or ''VRs'' → Attic/Ionic-Doric-Boeotian ''VVR''. :

''VsR'' or ''VRs'' → Lesbian-Thessalian ''VRR''. * PIE * → Proto-Greek ''*ehmi'' → Lesbian-Thessalian ''emmi'' ~ Attic/Ionic ''ēmi'' (= ) "I am"

Loss of h

Lesbian Aeolic lost initial ''h-'' (''

psilosis Psilosis () is the sound change in which Greek lost the consonant sound /h/ during antiquity. The term comes from the Greek ''psílōsis'' ("smoothing, thinning out") and is related to the name of the smooth breathing (ψιλή ''psilḗ''), ...

'' "stripping") from Proto-Indo-European s- or y-. By contrast, Ionic sometimes retains it, and Attic always retains it. * PIE * → Proto-Greek *''hāwélios'' → Lesbian ''āélios'', Ionic ''ēélios'' ~ Attic ''hēlios'' "sun"

Retention of w

In Thessalian and Boeotian (sub-dialects of Aeolic) and

, the Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Greek semi-vowel ''w'' (

digamma Digamma or wau (uppercase: Ϝ, lowercase: ϝ, numeral: ϛ) is an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet. It originally stood for the sound but it has remained in use principally as a Greek numeral for 6. Whereas it was originally called ''waw' ...

) was retained at the beginning of a word. * PIE → Boeotian, Doric ''wépos'' ~ Attic-Ionic ''épos'' "word", "

epic Epic commonly refers to: * Epic poetry, a long narrative poem celebrating heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation * Epic film, a genre of film with heroic elements Epic or EPIC may also refer to: Arts, entertainment, and medi ...

" (compare Latin ''vōx'' "voice")

Vowels

Long a

In Aeolic and Doric, Proto-Greek long ''ā'' remains. By contrast, in Attic, long ''ā'' changes to long ''ē'' in most cases; in Ionic, it changes everywhere. * PIE → Aeolic, Doric mātēr ~ Attic/Ionic ''mētēr'' "mother"

Compensatory lengthening

Compensatory lengthening of ''a,e,o'' in Lesbian gives ''ai,ei,oi'' (in Attic, it would be ''ā,ei,ou'') for example in the accusative plural of a and o stem nouns, or in many 3 Pl verb conjugations.

Boeotian

In Boeotian, the vowel-system was, in many cases, changed in a way reminiscent of the modern Greek pronunciation. * Attic/Ionic ~ Boeotian ~ Modern Greek * Attic/Ionic ~ Boeotian ~ Modern Greek * Attic/Ionic ~ Boeotian ~ Mediaeval Greek and Old Athenaean ~ Modern Greek

Accent

In Lesbian Aeolic, the accent of all words is recessive (''barytonesis''), as is typical only in the verbs of other dialects. * Attic/Ionic potamós ~ Lesbian pótamos "river"

Morphology

Contracted or vowel-stem verbs that are thematic in Attic/Ionic are often athematic (''-mi'') in Aeolic. * Ionic ''philéō'', Attic ''philô'' ~ Aeolic ''phílēmi'' "I love" Aeolic athematic

infinitive Infinitive (abbreviated ) is a linguistics term for certain verb forms existing in many languages, most often used as non-finite verbs. As with many linguistic concepts, there is not a single definition applicable to all languages. The word is deri ...

active ends in ''-men'' or (Lesbian) ''-menai''. ~ Attic/Ionic has ''-enai''. * Lesbian ''émmen, émmenai''; Thessalian, Boeotian ''eîmen'' ~ Attic/Ionic ''eînai'' (

spurious diphthong A spurious diphthong (or false diphthong) is an Ancient Greek vowel that is etymologically a long vowel but written exactly like a true diphthong (''ei, ou''). Origin A spurious diphthong has two origins: from compensatory lengthening of short ...

) "to be" In the Lesbian dialect this ending also extends to the thematic conjugation, where Attic/Ionic has ''-ein''. All three of these Aeolic endings occur in Homer. *

Homeric Homer (; grc, Ὅμηρος , ''Hómēros'') (born ) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Homer is considered one of the ...

''agémen'' Proto-Greek ''-ans'' and ''-ons'' → ''-ais'' and ''-ois'' ( first- and second declension accusative plural) ~ Attic/Ionic -''ās'' and ''-ōs'' ( -ους). Dative plural ''-aisi'' and ''-oisi'' ~ Attic/Ionic ''-ais'' and ''-ois''. The participle has ''-ois'' and ''-ais'' for Attic ''-ōs'' ( -ους), ''-ās''.

Glossary

Below it is a list of several words in the Aeolian dialect, written in the Greek alphabet and next to a transcription in the Latin alphabet. Each word is followed by its meaning and compared to similar words in other ancient Greek dialects.

Aeolian

* ' "sun" (also Doric; Attic '' hēlios''; Cretan ''abelios'';

Laconian Laconia or Lakonia ( el, Λακωνία, , ) is a historical and administrative region of Greece located on the southeastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula. Its administrative capital is Sparta. The word ''laconic''—to speak in a blunt, con ...

''bela''; Pamphylian babelios) (

*sawel-) * ''ágōnos'' "struggle" (Attic agōn; Elean dat. pl. agōnois for agōsi) * ' gifts sent by kin to Lesbian brides (

fr.) (compare

br>hedna, eedna
* ''Aiolíōnes'' " Aeolians" (Attic ''Aioleîs'') (' "speak Aeolic, compose in the Aeolian mode, trick out with false words"

Sophocles Sophocles (; grc, Σοφοκλῆς, , Sophoklễs; 497/6 – winter 406/5 BC)Sommerstein (2002), p. 41. is one of three ancient Greek tragedians, at least one of whose plays has survived in full. His first plays were written later than, or co ...

Fr.912 )
aioleō
vary, adorn, diversify
aiolos
quick-moving, glittering, shifty) *
aklades
' (unpruned vineyards) (Attic akladeutoi ampeloi) * ''akontion'' (part of troops) (Attic spear) (

Macedonian Macedonian most often refers to someone or something from or related to Macedonia. Macedonian(s) may specifically refer to: People Modern * Macedonians (ethnic group), a nation and a South Slavic ethnic group primarily associated with North M ...

''rhachis'', spine or backbone, anything ridged like the backbone) * -τος
amenēs
' -tos (Attic ὑμήν humēn) thin skin, membrane. *
amōnes
' (

ἀνεμώνες

anemones ''Anemone'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family (biology), family Ranunculaceae. Plants of the genus are commonly called windflowers. They are Native plant, native to the Temperate climate, temperate and Subtropics, subtrop ...

*
aoros
' (Attic ἄϋπνος ahypnos, without sleep) Μηθυμναῖοι *
arpys
' (

ἔρως Eros, Love) attested in Crinagoras, ἁρπάζειν ''harpazein'' to snatch. Homeric
harpaleos
' attractive,devouring *
asphe
' to them (Atti
sphe
sphi) *
bakchoa
' (Attic βόθρος '' bothros'' sacred dungeon, pit) *
balla
' threshold (Attic bēlos) (Doric balos) *
belphin
'

dolphin A dolphin is an aquatic mammal within the infraorder Cetacea. Dolphin species belong to the families Delphinidae (the oceanic dolphins), Platanistidae (the Indian river dolphins), Iniidae (the New World river dolphins), Pontoporiidae (the ...

(Attic delphis) and ''Belphoi''

Delphi Delphi (; ), in legend previously called Pytho (Πυθώ), in ancient times was a sacred precinct that served as the seat of Pythia, the major oracle who was consulted about important decisions throughout the ancient classical world. The oracle ...

*
bama
' Doric also (Attic βῆμα

bema A bema was an elevated platform used as an orator's podium in ancient Athens. The term can refer to the raised area in a sanctuary. In Jewish synagogues, where it is used for Torah reading during services, the term used is bima or bimah. Ancien ...

walking, step) *
blēr
' incitement (Atti
delear
*
bradanizō
' brandish, shake off. (Cf.Elean bratana Common rhatane) *
bradinos
' slender, soft (Attic rhadinos) Sapph.90,104. *
braidion
' (

ῥᾴδιον rhaidion easy) *
brakein
' to understand (dysbrakanon imprehensible) *
brakos
' long robe, Sapph.70 Homeri
ῥάκος
ϝράκος rhakos wrakos *
briza
' root (Attic rhiza) *
brodon
' (

ῥόδον rhodon, rose) and

vagina In mammals, the vagina is the elastic, muscular part of the female genital tract. In humans, it extends from the vestibule to the cervix. The outer vaginal opening is normally partly covered by a thin layer of mucosal tissue called the hymen ...

metaphorically in Erotic Glossary. *
brodopachus
' with pink, rosy forearms (Attic rhodopechys) ( brodopachun Sappho) an
brododaktulos
with rosy fingers * ''brocheos'' or βρουκέων broukeon (Attic βραχύ brachy short) (Sapph.fr. 2,7) * ''drasein'' (Attic θύειν to sacrifice) *
dnophos
' darkness Ionic also (Attic zophos) (akin to knephas) * ''eide'' (

ὕλη, forest) (εἴδη Ionian also) * ''Ennesiades'' Lesbian Nymphs *
epialtēs
' and ''epialēs'' nightmare (Atti
ephialtēs
(wiki Ephialtes) *
zadelon
' with holes in it, open (Attic diadelon obvious) ( Alcaeus 30 D 148P) *
imbēris
' eel (Attic enchelys) Μηθυμναῖοι *
iron
' holy (Attic hierón) (Doric hiarón) (Ionic hirón) * ''Issa'' old name of Lesbos Island Cf. Antissa *
issasthai
' (

klerousthai to take sth by lot) *
kankulē
' (Attic ''kēkis'' wet,vapour,

mordant A mordant or dye fixative is a substance used to set (i.e. bind) dyes on fabrics by forming a coordination complex with the dye, which then attaches to the fabric (or tissue). It may be used for dyeing fabrics or for intensifying stains in ...

dyeing) *
kammarpsis
' dry Measure (Attic hemimedimnon, one half of a

medimnos A medimnos ( el, μέδιμνος, ''médimnos'', plural μέδιμνοι, ''médimnoi'') was an Ancient Greek unit of volume, which was generally used to measure dry food grain.In ancient Greece, measures of capacity varied depending on whether th ...

) *
karabides
' (Attic
graes
Μηθυμναῖοι *
kaualeon
' Hsch (Attic ''aithos'' fire, burning heat) (Cf.kaiō burn) *
klaides
' Doric also (Atti
kleides
bars, bolts, keys) * ''Mesostrophonia'' Lesbian festival * ''messui'' (

ἐν μέσῳ in the middle) *
molsos
' (Attic , fat) *
xennos
' foreigner, guest-friend, strange (Attic xenos) (Ionic xeinos) *
ximba
' (

ῥοιά rhoia pomegranate-tree) (Boeotia
sida
*
othmata
' (Attic ''ommata'' eyes) *
ón
' óna (Attic aná) upon, through, again (

also) *
passyrion
' (Attic passydia totally,all together,with the whole army) *
pedameivō
' (Attic metameivo exchange) (πεδέχω pedecho μετέχω metecho), pedoikos metoikosbr>peda
for

meta Meta (from the Greek μετά, '' meta'', meaning "after" or "beyond") is a prefix meaning "more comprehensive" or "transcending". In modern nomenclature, ''meta''- can also serve as a prefix meaning self-referential, as a field of study or ende ...

*
pempe
' five (Attic pente, Pamphylian pede ) ( pempassein to count per five) (Attic ''pempe'' imp. of ''pempō'' send) *
Perrhamos
'

Priamus In Greek mythology, Priam (; grc-gre, Πρίαμος, ) was the legendary and last king of Troy during the Trojan War. He was the son of Laomedon. His many children included notable characters such as Hector, Paris, and Cassandra. Etymology Mo ...

( Alcaeus 74D,111P (it means also king) *
pésdos
' pedestrian,infantry) (Attic pezós) *
pesson
' plain (Attic pedion) *
pessyres
' four (Lesbian pisyres) (Boeotian pettares) (Attic tessares) (Doric tetores) *
saōmi
' save (Attic sōizō ) (Homeric saoō) *
siglai
' ear-rings (Attic enōtia,

exōbadia) *
skiphos
' Attic

xiphos The ''xiphos'' ( grc, ξίφος ; plural ''xiphe'', grc, ξίφη ) is a double-edged, one-handed Iron Age straight shortsword used by the ancient Greeks. It was a secondary battlefield weapon for the Greek armies after the dory or javelin. ...

sword (skiptō, given as etym. of skiphos and xiphos, Sch.Il.1.220; cf. skipei: nussei, it pricks,pierces) *
spóla
'(Attic stolē) equipment, garment (spaleis, the sent one, for staleis) *
strótos
' (Attic stratós) army *
syrx
' (Attic σάρξ flesh) (dative plural σύρκεσιν syrkesi Attic σαρξίν sarxin) *
tenekounti
' (Attic ''enoikounti'' dative singular of enoikōn inhabiting) *
tragais
' you break, grow rough and hoarse and smell like a goat *
tude
' tudai an
tuide
here) (Ionic tēde) *
usdos
' (Attic ozos

twig A twig is a thin, often short, branch of a tree or bush. The buds on the twig are an important diagnostic characteristic, as are the abscission scars where the leaves have fallen away. The color, texture, and patterning of the twig bark are ...

, branch) *
phauophoros
' priestess (Attic ''hiereia'') (light-keeper) (Aeoli
phauō
for Homeric ''phaō'' shine) (Homeric ''phaos'' light, Attic ''phōs'' and ''phōtophoros'') *
phēria
' (Attic thēria beasts) *
Psapphō
', (Attic Sapphō)

Boeotian

*
aas
' ''aestēton'' tomorrow (Attic aurion) (Cf.Attic ēōs dawn) *
amillakas
' wine Theban (Attic oinos) *
anōdorkas
' a fish

*
baidumēn
' (Attic ''arotrian'' to plough) *
bana
' (
balara
') woman (Attic ''gunē''); , banēkes
battikes
women ( Attic gunaikes ) *
bastrax
' or bastax (Attic τράχηλος trachēlos neck) pl. bastraches *
bleerei
' (Attic οἰκτείρει he feels pity) Cf. eleairei *
gadou
' ( ''wadou'') (Attic ''hēdú'') ( Corinna.17) *
Deus
' instead of

Zeus Zeus or , , ; grc, Δῐός, ''Diós'', label=Genitive case, genitive Aeolic Greek, Boeotian Aeolic and Doric Greek#Laconian, Laconian grc-dor, Δεύς, Deús ; grc, Δέος, ''Déos'', label=Genitive case, genitive el, Δίας, ''D� ...

. Attested also in

and

Rhodian Rhodes (; el, Ρόδος , translit=Ródos ) is the largest and the historical capital of the Dodecanese islands of Greece. Administratively, the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the So ...

. *
empyria
'

divination Divination (from Latin ''divinare'', 'to foresee, to foretell, to predict, to prophesy') is the attempt to gain insight into a question or situation by way of an occultic, standardized process or ritual. Used in various forms throughout histor ...

(Attic manteia) (Hsch. public oath,

Koine Koine Greek (; Koine el, ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος, hē koinè diálektos, the common dialect; ), also known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek or New Testament Greek, was the common supra-reg ...

ordeal by fire) *
zekeltides
' gourds

Amerias Amerias (Greek: Ἀμερίας, 3rd century BC) was an ancient Macedonian lexicographer, known for his compilation of a glossary titled '' Glossai'' (', terms or words). Αnother of his works was called ''Rhizotomikos'' ('), an etymological treat ...

zakeltides ( Phrygian zelkia vegetables) * ''idephin'' sweet-voiced. Hsch.: (Atti
hēduphōnon
( Aeolic wad-, ad- ) * ''istake'' scythe (Attic drepanon) *
iugodromein
' (Attic , ekboēthein, and boēdromein, run to help) (
Iungios
Thessalian month) * ''iō'' an
hiōn
(Attic egō, I) (hiōnga iōga for egōge) *
Karaios
' Boeotian epithet for Zeus meaning tall,head. Boeotian eponym Karaidas * ''karoux'' (Attic kēryx herald) *
kriddemen
' (Attic gelan to laugh) (

Strattis Strattis ( grc, Στράττις) was an Athenian comic poet of the Old Comedy. According to the Suda, he flourished later than Callias Schoenion. Therefore, it is likely that his poetry was performed at the 92nd Olympiad, that is, 412 BC. Stratti ...

fr. 47) Cf. (Cf.Atti
krizō
creak,screech) *
korilla
' little girl (

''korasion'' from Attic ''korasis'' girl) ( Aetolian ''korudion'') *
mēlatas
' (Attic poimen shepherd) (

homeric Homer (; grc, Ὅμηρος , ''Hómēros'') (born ) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Homer is considered one of the ...

mēlon
sheep) (Atti
mēlon
apple, Aeolic-Doric ''malon'') *
mnarion
' (Attic
kallyntron
' broom, brush) *
opisthotila
' (Attic sēpia

cuttlefish Cuttlefish or cuttles are marine molluscs of the order Sepiida. They belong to the class Cephalopoda which also includes squid, octopuses, and nautiluses. Cuttlefish have a unique internal shell, the cuttlebone, which is used for control of ...

) (

. fr. 47,3) (squirts its liquor from behind) * ''opittomai'' (

br>opizomai
I care,respect) (

opiddomai) *
ophrygnai
' (Attic
ophryazei
' he winks raising the eyebrow, is haughty) *
seia
' I persecuted (Attic ''edioxa'') (Cf.Homeri
seuō
move quickly, chase) *
syoboiōtoi
' Hog-

ns ( Cratinus.310) *
tripeza
' (Attic trapeza,table)(fro
tetrapeza
four-footed) (''tripeza'' three-footed) (in Aeolic it would-be ''tripesda'') *
psōsmata
' Boeotian word acc.

Aristonymus Aristonymus of Athens ( el, Ἀριστώνυμος) was sent by Plato to reform the constitution of the Arcadians. Aristonymus was the father of Clitophon. Sources *Plato, '' Republic,'' 328b *Plutarch Plutarch (; grc-gre, Πλούταρ ...

Thessalian

*
abremēs
' (Attic ablepēs unworthy seeing, despicable (

Cypriotic Arcadocypriot, or southern Achaeans (tribe), Achaean, was an ancient Greek dialects, ancient Greek dialect spoken in Arcadia (ancient region), Arcadia in the central Peloponnese and in Cyprus. Its resemblance to Mycenaean Greek, as it is known f ...

also) (Hes. text *
agora
' (Attic limen port, harbour) (Hes. text *
alphinia
' white poplar (

*albho- 'white') (Attic leukē, PIE *leuk- 'bright, light') (

aliza) *
Aploun
'

Apollo Apollo, grc, Ἀπόλλωνος, Apóllōnos, label=genitive , ; , grc-dor, Ἀπέλλων, Apéllōn, ; grc, Ἀπείλων, Apeílōn, label=Arcadocypriot Greek, ; grc-aeo, Ἄπλουν, Áploun, la, Apollō, la, Apollinis, label= ...

(Attic Apollōn) (Doric, Pamphylian Apelon) * ''aspaleia'' safeness (Attic asphaleia) *
astralos
' (Attic ψάρ -ος psar Starling) *
bebukousthai
' to be swollen (Homeric buktaon blowing) *
bousia
' (Attic γογγυλίδι gongylidi turnip) * ''dámossos'' public (Attic dēmósios) opp. ''iddioûstikos'' privative (Attic idiōtikós) *
daratos
' Thessalian bread (

dramis) (Athamanian dramix) (PIE *der- cut,split) *
despoina
' woman (Attic gunē, Doric guna) (fem. of

despotes Despot or ''despotes'' ( grc-gre, δεσπότης, despótēs, lord, master) was a senior Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy, court title that was bestowed on the sons or sons-in-law of reigning emperors, and initi ...

) *
enormos
' (

agora The agora (; grc, ἀγορά, romanized: ', meaning "market" in Modern Greek) was a central public space in ancient Greek city-states. It is the best representation of a city-state's response to accommodate the social and political order of t ...

, assembly, market and chōra) (Atti
enormeō
get in a harbour
hormos
bay, anchorage * ''ereas'' children (Hsch.Attic tekna) (Homeri
ernos
young sprout, scion) (Neo- Phrygian eiroi children) *
theanoustai
' (Attic xysters) *
itheiē
' (Attic hamaxitos chariot-road) (Homeric Ψ 580) (Attic ithys, eytheia straight line) * ''impsas'' past participle of impto (Attic ζεύξας zeuxas zeugnymi join together) (Ἴμψιος Impsios Ποσειδῶν ὁ ζύγιος

Poseidon Poseidon (; grc-gre, Ποσειδῶν) was one of the Twelve Olympians in ancient Greek religion and myth, god of the sea, storms, earthquakes and horses.Burkert 1985pp. 136–139 In pre-Olympian Bronze Age Greece, he was venerated as a ch ...

Zygius on horses) *
kalaphos
' (Attic ἀσκάλαφος,

Ascalaphus The name Ascalaphus (; Ancient Greek: Ἀσκάλαφος ''Askalaphos'') is shared by two people in Greek mythology: * Ascalaphus, son of Acheron and Orphne. * Ascalaphus, son of Ares and Astyoche.Homer, ''Iliad'' 13.518 Notes References ...

a bird ( Magnesian) *
kapanē
' chariot (Attic apēnē) also, a helme
kapanikos
plenteous *
kis
' who, anyone (Attic tis) (Laconian tir) (Arcadocypriot sis) *
karpaia
' Thessalo-Macedonian mimic military dance (see also

Carpaea Carpaea or Karpaea ( grc, Καρπαία and Κάρπεα) among the Aenianians, Magnesians, and Macedonians was a kind of mimic military dance, performed by two persons; the one acting as a laborer, the other as a robber. It is described by Xen ...

)

br>karpalimos
swift (for foot) eager,ravenous. *
kyrrhos
' or kyrros sir, master (Attic

kyrios ''Kyrios'' or ''kurios'' ( grc, κύριος, kū́rios) is a Greek word which is usually translated as "lord" or "master". It is used in the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew scriptures about 7000 times, in particular translating the name ...

) * ''Maketoun'' 'Macedonian man' (Attic Makedōn) (Thessalian ''-oun'' suffix for Attic ''ōn'' in both nominative and genitive of participles,pronouns and nouns. *
mattuē
' a meat-dessert of Macedonian or Thessalian origin (Athenaeus) (

''mattuēs'' a kind of bird) * ''nealeis'' new-comers, newly caught ones (Cf
nealeisneēludes
* Magnesia — Demetrias — late 2nd century B

/ref> ''nebeuō'' pray (

neuō) (Attic euchomai, neuō wink) * ''onala'', ''onalouma'' (Atti
analōma
expense cost) ( ''on-'' in the place of Attic prefix wiktionary:ἀνά, ana-, ''ongrapsantas'' SEG 27:202 *''
Pétthalos
and (Boeotian Phéttalos) (Attic Thettalós) ( Ionic,

Thessalós) 'Thesalian man' ( ''Petthalia'' Thessalia) (''Petthaloi'' Thessalians) (Koine ''thessalisti'' the thessalian way) ( Attic
entethettalizomai
' become a Thessalian, i.e. wear the large Thessalian cloak ( Thettalika ptera ''feathers'' ), Eupolis.201. ) *
tageuō
' to be tagos

archon ''Archon'' ( gr, ἄρχων, árchōn, plural: ἄρχοντες, ''árchontes'') is a Greek word that means "ruler", frequently used as the title of a specific public office. It is the masculine present participle of the verb stem αρχ-, mean ...

in Thessaly

Phonology

Consonants

Labiovelars

Sonorant clusters

Loss of h

Retention of w

Vowels

Long a

Compensatory lengthening

Boeotian

Accent

Morphology

Glossary

Aeolian

Boeotian

Thessalian

See also

References

Further reading