Adrianitidae is a family in the Adrianitaceae, a superfamily of

ammonites Ammonoids are a group of extinct marine mollusc animals in the subclass Ammonoidea of the class Cephalopoda. These molluscs, commonly referred to as ammonites, are more closely related to living coleoids (i.e., octopuses, squid and cuttlefish) ...

in the

cephalopod A cephalopod is any member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda (Greek plural , ; "head-feet") such as a squid, octopus, cuttlefish, or nautilus. These exclusively marine animals are characterized by bilateral body symmetry, a prominent head ...

order,

Goniatitida Goniatids, informally goniatites, are Ammonoidea, ammonoid cephalopods that form the order Goniatitida, derived from the more primitive Agoniatitida during the Middle Devonian some 390 million years ago (around Eifelian stage). Goniatites (goniat ...

, known from the

Middle Pennsylvanian The Pennsylvanian ( , also known as Upper Carboniferous or Late Carboniferous) is, in the ICS geologic timescale, the younger of two subperiods (or upper of two subsystems) of the Carboniferous Period. It lasted from roughly . As with most o ...

to the

Middle Permian The Guadalupian is the second and middle series/epoch of the Permian. The Guadalupian was preceded by the Cisuralian and followed by the Lopingian. It is named after the Guadalupe Mountains of New Mexico and Texas, and dates between 272.95 ± 0. ...

. Members of the Adrianitidae, named by

Schindewolf Otto Heinrich Schindewolf (7 June 1896 – 10 June 1971) was a German paleontologist who studied the evolution of corals and cephalopods. Biography Schindewolf was on the faculty at the University of Marburg from 1919 until 1927. Then he becam ...

in 1931, and of the Adrianitaceae, have shells (conchs) that are discoidal to globular with umbilici that vary in form, and sutures with 10 to 30, more or less equal, lobes. The Adrianitinae which come from the Lower and Middle Permian have sutures that form 14 to 30 lobes. Genera included ''Adrianites'', ''Hoffmannia'', ''Doryceras'', ''Crimites'', and ''Texoceras''. The Dumbaritinae which come from the Middle and Upper Pennsylvanian (U Carb) have sutures with only 10 lobes. ''Clinolobus'', from the Middle Permian of Sicily, has about 14 lobes with the course of the external suture forming a V.

Classification

The Adriantidae contains three subfamilies, the Adrianitinae, Hoffmanniinae, and Texoceratinae. Most of the genera in the family, some 15 in number, are included in the Adrianitinae. The remaining two are included, one each, in the Hoffmanniinae and Texoceratinae. '' Dunbarites'' and '' Clinolobus'' included in the Adrianantidae in the older edition of

Treatise A treatise is a formal and systematic written discourse on some subject, generally longer and treating it in greater depth than an essay, and more concerned with investigating or exposing the principles of the subject and its conclusions."Treat ...

(Part L) have since then been reassigned; ''Dunbarites'' to the

Schistocerataceae Schistoceratoidea is one of seventeen superfamilies of the Goniatitina suborder. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloid ...

and ''Clinolobus'' to the Neoicocerataceae The Emilitinae, established to include the most primitive members of the family, based on '' Emilites'', have been reincorporated into the Adrianitinae. '' Pamiritella'' for which the Pamiritellinae was established is considered also part of the Adrianitinae.

Phylogeny

According to Saunders et al. (1999), the Adrianitidae are derived from '' Clistoceras'', a genus in the Somholitaceae, through ''Emilites'', which in turn is the source for '' Pseudoemilites'' and '' Crimites''. ''Pseudoemilites'' resulted in small groups that include '' Veruzhites'' and '' Nevadoceras'' as well. ''Crimites'' on the other hand gave rise to '' Neocrimites'' and '' Pamiritella'' which respectively are the source for the Adrianitinae and Pameritellinae. ''Crimites'' also gave rise to '' Aricoceras'' and '' Neoaricoceras''. The source for either ''Hoffmannia'' or ''Texoceras'' is unknown.

Older Taxonomy

In the taxonomies put forth by Miller, Furnish, and Schindewolf (ca 1960) in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part L, Ammonoidea, the Adrianitidae is divided into three subfamilies, the more advanced Adrianitinae based on ''Adrianites'', the more primitive Dunbaritinae containing '' Dunbarites'' and ''Emilites'', and the Clinolobitinae with just '' Clinolobus''.

References

* Miller, Furnish, and Schindewolf (1960) ; Paleozoic Ammonoidea, in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part L, Ammonoidea; Geological Soc. of America and Univ of Kansas. * Saunders et al. 1999 Evolution of Complexity in Paleozoic Ammonoid Sutures, Supplementary Material; Science
The Paleobiology Database
June 2009 {{Taxonbar, from=Q4685541 Goniatitida families Adrianitaceae