Adolf Frederik

Adolf Frederick, or Adolph Frederick ( sv, Adolf Fredrik, german: Adolf Friedrich; 14 May 171012 February 1771) was King of Sweden from 1751 until his death. He was the son of Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince of Eutin, and Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach. He was an uncle of Catherine the Great

The first king from the House of Holstein-Gottorp, Adolf Frederick was a weak monarch, installed as first in line to the throne following the parliamentary government's failure to reconquer the Baltic provinces in 1741–43. Aside from a few attempts, supported by pro- absolutist factions among the nobility, to reclaim the absolute monarchy held by previous monarchs, he remained a mere constitutional figurehead until his death.

His reign saw an extended period of internal peace. However, the finances stagnated following failed mercantilist doctrines pursued by the Hat administration. The Hat administration ended during the 1765–66 parliament, where the Cap opposition took over the government and enacted reforms towards greater economic liberalism, as well as a Freedom of Press Act. The Freedom of Press Act is unique for the time for its curtailing of all censorship, retaining punitive measures only for libeling the monarch or the Church of Sweden.

Ancestry

Adolf Frederick's father was Christian Augustus (1673–1726) duke and a younger prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, prince-bishop of Lübeck, and administrator, during the Great Northern War, of the duchies of Holstein-Gottorp for his relative Charles Frederick. This cites:
* Robert Nisbet Bain, R. Nisbet Bain, ''Gustavus III. and his Contemporaries'', vol. i. (London, 1895).

His mother, Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach (1682–1755), was a descendant of earlier royal dynasties of Sweden, great-granddaughter of Catherine of Sweden, Countess Palatine of Kleeburg, Princess Catherine of Sweden, mother of King Charles X of Sweden. On his mother's side, Adolf Frederick was descended from King Gustav I of Sweden, Gustav Vasa and Christina Magdalena of Pfalz-Zweibrücken, Christina Magdalena, a sister of Charles X of Sweden.

Reign

From 1727 to 1750 Prince Adolf Frederick was the prince-bishop of Bishopric of Lübeck, Lübeck. This meant he ruled a fief around and including Eutin. After his first cousin, Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, died in 1739, Adolf Frederick became the administrator of Holstein-Kiel during the minority of the duke's orphan son, Charles Peter Ulrich. Shortly afterward, the young boy was invited to Russia by his maternal aunt, Elizabeth of Russia, Empress Elizabeth, who soon declared him her heir. He later became known as Peter III of Russia.

In 1743, Adolf Frederick was elected heir to the throne of Sweden by the Hats (party), Hat faction (Swedish: ''Hattarna''). The Hat faction wanted to obtain better conditions at the Treaty of Åbo from Empress Elizabeth of Russia, who had adopted his nephew as her Heir presumptive, heir. He succeeded as King Adolf Frederick 8 years later on 25 March 1751.

During his 20-year reign, Adolf Frederick was little more than a figurehead, the real power being with the Riksdag of the Estates, often distracted by party strife. Twice he endeavored to free himself from the tutelage of the estates. The first occasion was in 1756. Stimulated by his consort Louisa Ulrika of Prussia (sister of Frederick the Great), he tried to regain a portion of the attenuated prerogative through the Coup of 1756 to abolish the rule of the Riksdag of the Estates and reinstate absolute monarchy in Sweden. He nearly lost his throne in consequence. On the second occasion during the December Crisis (1768), under the guidance of his eldest son, Gustav III of Sweden, Gustav, he succeeded in overthrowing the "Cap" (Swedish: ''Mössorna'') senate, but was unable to make any use of his victory.

Death

Adolf Frederick died suddenly in Stockholm on 12 February 1771 with symptoms resembling either heart failure or poisoning. Popular stories about his death having resulted from a large meal (consisting of lobster, caviar, sauerkraut, kippers and Champagne (wine), champagne as well as 14 helpings of his favourite dessert of semla pastries and hot milk) are considered propagandist by modern writers.

Following his death, his son Gustav III seized power in 1772 in Revolution of 1772, a military coup d'état, reinstating absolute rule.

Legacy

The King was regarded as dependent on others, a weak ruler, and lacking of any talents. However, he was allegedly a good husband, a caring father, and a gentle master to his servants. His favourite pastime was to make snuffboxes, which he allegedly spent a great deal of time doing. His hospitality and friendliness were witnessed by many who deeply mourned him at his death.

Children

By his marriage to Princess Louisa Ulrika of Prussia (which took place on 18 August/29 August 1744 in Drottningholm), he had the following children:

#(Stillborn) (18 February 1745 in Stockholm)
#Gustav III of Sweden, Gustav III (1746–1792)
#Charles XIII of Sweden, Charles XIII (1748–1818)
#Prince Frederick Adolf, Duke of Östergötland, Frederick Adolf (1750–1803)
#Sophia Albertina of Sweden, Abbess of Quedlinburg, Sofia Albertina (1753–1829)

With Jeanne Du Londel he had one son:

# Adolf Fredriksson (c. 1734-1771), Captain in the Swedish Army.

With Marguerite Morel he had one son who died as a child:
# Frederici (c. 1761 - 1771)

Adolf Frederick may have been the father of Lolotte Forssberg by Ulla von Liewen, but this has however never been confirmed.af Klercker, Cecilia, ed. Hedvig Elisabeth Charlottas dagbok [The diary of Hedvig Elizabeth Charlotte] (in Swedish). VI 1797-1799. (1927) Translated by Cecilia af Klercker. Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt & Söners förlag. pp. 290–291

Ancestors

References

External links

*

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adolf Frederick Of Sweden
1710 births
1771 deaths
18th-century Swedish monarchs
People from Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein
Rulers of Finland
House of Holstein-Gottorp
Swedish monarchs of German descent
People from the Duchy of Schleswig
Burials at Riddarholmen Church
Lutheran Prince-Bishops of Lübeck
Age of Liberty people