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__NOTOC__ In
structural semantics Structural semantics (also structuralist semantics) is a linguistic school and paradigm that emerged in Europe from the 1930s, inspired by the structuralist linguistic movement started by Ferdinand de Saussure's 1916 work "'' Cours De Linguistiq ...
, the actantial model, also called the actantial narrative schema, is a tool used to analyze the
action Action may refer to: * Action (narrative), a literary mode * Action fiction, a type of genre fiction * Action game, a genre of video game Film * Action film, a genre of film * ''Action'' (1921 film), a film by John Ford * ''Action'' (1980 fil ...
that takes place in a
story Story or stories may refer to: Common uses * Story, a narrative (an account of imaginary or real people and events) ** Short story, a piece of prose fiction that typically can be read in one sitting * Story (American English), or storey (British ...
, whether real or fictional.Herbert 2006 ''Tools'', Ch.5, ''Origins and function''Herbert 2006 ''Actantial'' It was developed in 1966 by
semiotician Semiotics (also called semiotic studies) is the systematic study of sign processes (semiosis) and meaning making. Semiosis is any activity, conduct, or process that involves Sign (semiotics), signs, where a sign is defined as anything that commun ...
Algirdas Julien Greimas Algirdas Julien Greimas (; born ''Algirdas Julius Greimas''; 9 March 1917 – 27 February 1992) was a Lithuanian literary scientist who wrote most of his body of work in French while living in France. Greimas is known among other things for th ...
. The model considers an action as divided into six facets, called
actant In narrative theory, actant is a term from the actantial model of semiotic analysis of narratives. The term also has uses in linguistics, sociology, computer programming theory, and astrology. In narratology Algirdas Julien Greimas (1917–1992), ...
s. Those actants are a combined framework inspired mainly between
Vladimir Propp Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp (russian: Владимир Яковлевич Пропп; – 22 August 1970) was a Soviet folklorist and scholar who analysed the basic structural elements of Russian folk tales to identify their simplest irredu ...
's and
Étienne Souriau Étienne Souriau (; April 26, 1892 – November 19, 1979) was a French philosopher, best known for his work in aesthetics. Biography Son of Paul Souriau, he studied at the École Normale Supérieure and received his '' agrégation of philo ...
's actantial theories. Greimas took the term ''actant'' from linguist
Lucien Tesnière Lucien Tesnière (; May 13, 1893 – December 6, 1954) was a prominent and influential French linguist. He was born in Mont-Saint-Aignan on May 13, 1893. As a maître de conférences (senior lecturer) in University of Strasbourg (1924), and ...
, who coined the term in his discussion of the grammar of
noun phrases In linguistics, a noun phrase, or nominal (phrase), is a phrase that has a noun or pronoun as its head or performs the same grammatical function as a noun. Noun phrases are very common cross-linguistically, and they may be the most frequently occ ...
.David Herman, Manfred Jahn, Marie-Laure Ryan (2005
''Routledge encyclopedia of narrative theory''
p. 574


Basic Summary

Greimas actantial model distinguishes characters and action elements according to their function within the plot. The model differentiates between *Subject / Object *Helper / Opponent *Sender / Receiver *Power The ''subject'' desires a usually abstract ''object''. The ''helper'' supports the ''subject'' in obtaining the ''object''. The ''opponent'', however, works against the ''helper'' and tries to prevent the ''subject'' from gaining the ''object''. The ''sender'' initiates the action and the ''receiver'' profits from the action and/or the ''object''. Whether or not the ''subject'' will acquire the desired ''object'' depends on the abstract ''power'' often connected to the ''subject''. Analysing characters according to the actantial model enables a detailed breakdown of the characters' function within the plot but also creates a simplified character constellation in association with the action.


See also

*
Semiotic square The semiotic square, also known as the Greimas square, is a tool used in structural analysis of the relationships between semiotic signs through the opposition of concepts, such as feminine-masculine or beautiful-ugly, and of extending the relevan ...
*
Vladimir Propp Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp (russian: Владимир Яковлевич Пропп; – 22 August 1970) was a Soviet folklorist and scholar who analysed the basic structural elements of Russian folk tales to identify their simplest irredu ...


Notes


Sources

* Greimas, Algirdas Julien. 1973. "Actants, Actors, and Figures." ''On Meaning: Selected Writings in Semiotic Theory.'' Trans. Paul J. Perron and Frank H, Collins. Theory and History of Literature, 38. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1987. 106–120.
Herbert, Louis
(2006) ''Tools for Text and Image Analysis: An Introduction to Applied Semiotics'', online eboook, published by ''Texto !'' *Herbert, Louis (2006)
The Actantial Model
', in Louis Hébert (dir.), Signo nline Rimouski (Quebec), http://www.signosemio.com


Further reading

*Felluga, Dino
Modules on Greimas: On the Semiotic Square
'. Introductory Guide to Critical Theory. *Felluga, Dino.

'. Introductory Guide to Critical Theory.


External links



Semiotics {{semiotics-stub