Acousto-electric effect is a
nonlinear
In mathematics and science, a nonlinear system is a system in which the change of the output is not proportional to the change of the input. Nonlinear problems are of interest to engineers, biologists, physicists, mathematicians, and many other ...
phenomenon of generation of
electric current
An electric current is a stream of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, moving through an electrical conductor or space. It is measured as the net rate of flow of electric charge through a surface or into a control volume. The moving pa ...
in a
piezo-electric
Piezoelectricity (, ) is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials—such as crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA, and various proteins—in response to applied mechanical stress. The word ''p ...
semiconductor
A semiconductor is a material which has an electrical resistivity and conductivity, electrical conductivity value falling between that of a electrical conductor, conductor, such as copper, and an insulator (electricity), insulator, such as glas ...
by a propagating acoustic wave. The generated electric current is proportional to the
intensity
Intensity may refer to:
In colloquial use
*Strength (disambiguation)
*Amplitude
* Level (disambiguation)
* Magnitude (disambiguation)
In physical sciences
Physics
*Intensity (physics), power per unit area (W/m2)
*Field strength of electric, ma ...
of the acoustic wave and to the value of its electron-induced
attenuation
In physics, attenuation (in some contexts, extinction) is the gradual loss of flux intensity through a medium. For instance, dark glasses attenuate sunlight, lead attenuates X-rays, and water and air attenuate both light and sound at variable att ...
. The effect was theoretically predicted in 1953 by Parmenter. Its first experimental observation was reported in 1957 by Weinreich and White.
Valley acoustoelectric effect
There are two varieties of the original acousto-electric effect called the valley acoustoelectric effect and valley acoustoelectric Hall effect theoretically predicted in 2019 by Kalameitsev, Kovalev, and Savenko.
These effects also represent nonlinear phenomena of generation of electric current in two-dimensional materials, such as
transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers
Transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD or TMDC) monolayers are atomically thin semiconductors of the type MX2, with M a transition-metal atom ( Mo, W, etc.) and X a chalcogen atom ( S, Se, or Te). One layer of M atoms is sandwiched between two ...
or
graphene
Graphene () is an allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice nanostructure. , located on a
piezoelectricity, piezoelectric substrate by a propagating
acoustic wave
Acoustic waves are a type of energy propagation through a medium by means of adiabatic loading and unloading. Important quantities for describing acoustic waves are acoustic pressure, particle velocity, particle displacement and acoustic intensit ...
. The generated electric currents are proportional to the intensity of the acoustic wave and their directions are perpendicular to the acoustic wave vector.
See also
*
Physical acoustics Physical acoustics is the area of acoustics and physics that studies interactions of acoustic waves with a gaseous, liquid or solid medium on macro- and micro-levels. This relates to the interaction of sound with thermal waves in crystals ( phono ...
*
Semiconductors
A semiconductor is a material which has an electrical resistivity and conductivity, electrical conductivity value falling between that of a electrical conductor, conductor, such as copper, and an insulator (electricity), insulator, such as glas ...
*
Piezoelectricity
Piezoelectricity (, ) is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials—such as crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA, and various proteins—in response to applied mechanical stress. The word ''p ...
*
Elastic waves
References
{{Reflist
Acoustics
Waves
Semiconductors