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Accropode blocks are
Fork-lifting is effective for handling the small to medium size units, whereas large units are handled by sling. Placement for breakwaters generally requires a crane or a barge-mounted crane.
The units can be stored one on top of the other, and placed in a random attitude to obtain the specified packing density. The proper packing method provides an adequate coverage on breakwater slopes.
The use of a remote-release hook is used for placing the unit, while underwater placements may be enhanced by GPS, adhering to a theoretical grid.
File:Accropode Breakwater.jpg, Accropode blocks on offshore breakwater roundhead.
File:Accropode block storage.jpg, Storage of Accropode II blocks.
Image:Forklifting.jpg, Accropode II on forklift.
Image:Acctruck.jpg, Accropode on truck.
File:Accropode offshore.jpg, Placing Accropode blocks from land.
Image:Accropodedigue.jpg, Accropode blocks on breakwater.
Image:Placing with a crane.jpg, Placing with a crane
Image:AccropodeMonitoring.jpg, Monitoring
Rock Manual - The use of rock in hydraulic engineering
* K. d'Angremond (2004)
Breakwaters and closure dams
* N.W.H. Allsop (2002)
Breakwaters, coastal structures and coastlines
* J.W. Van der Meer (1988)
Rock slopes and gravel beaches under wave attack
* Delft Hydraulics Laboratory (1987)
Stability of rubble mound breakwaters - Stability formula for breakwaters armoured with Accropode (report H 546)
* U.S. Army Corps of Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES) - Shore Protection Manual (1984)
based on Hudson's extensive work in the fifties.
Concrete Layer Innovations
MEDUS (Maritime Engineering Division University Salerno)
Concrete Layer Assistance and Survey CLAS: Specialized Company for ACCROPODE™ ACCROPODE™II CORELOC™ ECOPODE™ and Xbloc® armouring breakwaters
{{coastal management Coastal engineering Wave-dissipating concrete blocks
wave-dissipating concrete block
A wave-dissipating concrete block is a naturally or manually interlocking concrete structure designed and employed to minimize the effects of wave action upon shores and shoreline structures, such as quays and jettys.
Examples include such propr ...
s designed to resist the action of wave
In physics, mathematics, and related fields, a wave is a propagating dynamic disturbance (change from equilibrium) of one or more quantities. Waves can be periodic, in which case those quantities oscillate repeatedly about an equilibrium (res ...
s on breakwater
Breakwater may refer to:
* Breakwater (structure), a structure for protecting a beach or harbour
Places
* Breakwater, Victoria, a suburb of Geelong, Victoria, Australia
* Breakwater Island
Breakwater Island () is a small island in the Palme ...
s and coastal structures.
History
The Accropode is a single-layer artificial armour unit developed by Sogreah in 1981. Accropode concrete armour units are applied in a single layer. The Ecopode armour unit with a rock-like appearance was developed by Sogreah to enhance the natural appearance of concrete armourings above low water level. A patent application was filed in 1996. The color and type of rock-like appearance can be specified to match the surrounding landscape. In 1999, Sogreah modified the original Accropode shape by chipping away excess materials and adding friction features in the form of small pyramids. A patent application was filed for this modified shape. In 2004 further modifications to the 1999 shape were made, resulting in the Accropode II. The shape modifications are intended to increase interlocking.Design
Hydraulic stability
Specified stability coefficients at design stage: * Hudson’s design KD values: ** 15 on trunk sections (16 for Accropode II) ** 11.5 on roundheads (12.3 for Accropode II) * Van der Meer stability number: NS = HS/(∆ Dn50)= 2.7 (2.8 for Accropode II) where: HS = significant wave height ∆ = relative mass density Dn50 = nominal diameter These coefficients are valid for armour slopes from 3H/2V to 4H/3V and for seabed slopes up to 3%. The uneven surface of the Ecopode improves interlocking by friction, thereby increasing hydraulic stability.Implementation
Fork-lifting is effective for handling the small to medium size units, whereas large units are handled by sling. Placement for breakwaters generally requires a crane or a barge-mounted crane.
The units can be stored one on top of the other, and placed in a random attitude to obtain the specified packing density. The proper packing method provides an adequate coverage on breakwater slopes.
The use of a remote-release hook is used for placing the unit, while underwater placements may be enhanced by GPS, adhering to a theoretical grid.
Gallery
See also
*Breakwater (structure)
A breakwater is a permanent structure constructed at a coastal area to protect against tides, currents, waves, and storm surges. Part of a coastal management system, breakwaters are installed to minimize erosion, and to protect anchorages, h ...
* Erosion control
Erosion control is the practice of preventing or controlling wind or water erosion in agriculture, land development, coastal areas, river banks and construction. Effective erosion controls handle surface runoff and are important techniques in ...
* Riprap
Riprap (in North American English), also known as rip rap, rip-rap, shot rock, rock armour (in British English) or rubble, is human-placed rock or other material used to protect shoreline structures against scour and water, wave, or ice erosion. ...
* Artificial reef
An artificial reef is a human-created underwater structure, typically built to promote marine life in areas with a generally featureless bottom, to control erosion, block ship passage, block the use of trawling nets, or improve surfing.
Many re ...
* Coastal erosion
Coastal erosion is the loss or displacement of land, or the long-term removal of sediment and rocks along the coastline due to the action of waves, currents, tides, wind-driven water, waterborne ice, or other impacts of storms. The landward ...
* Ocean surface wave
In fluid dynamics, a wind wave, water wave, or wind-generated water wave, is a surface wave that occurs on the free surface of bodies of water as a result from the wind blowing over the water surface. The contact distance in the direction of t ...
* Seawall
A seawall (or sea wall) is a form of coastal defense constructed where the sea, and associated coastal processes, impact directly upon the landforms of the coast. The purpose of a seawall is to protect areas of human habitation, conservation ...
* KOLOS
* Xbloc
An Xbloc is a wave-dissipating concrete block (or "armour unit") designed to protect shores, harbour walls, seawalls, breakwaters and other coastal structures from the direct impact of incoming waves. The Xbloc model was designed and developed by ...
References
External links
* Ciria-CUR (2007)Rock Manual - The use of rock in hydraulic engineering
* K. d'Angremond (2004)
Breakwaters and closure dams
* N.W.H. Allsop (2002)
Breakwaters, coastal structures and coastlines
* J.W. Van der Meer (1988)
Rock slopes and gravel beaches under wave attack
* Delft Hydraulics Laboratory (1987)
Stability of rubble mound breakwaters - Stability formula for breakwaters armoured with Accropode (report H 546)
* U.S. Army Corps of Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES) - Shore Protection Manual (1984)
based on Hudson's extensive work in the fifties.
External links
Concrete Layer Innovations
MEDUS (Maritime Engineering Division University Salerno)
Concrete Layer Assistance and Survey CLAS: Specialized Company for ACCROPODE™ ACCROPODE™II CORELOC™ ECOPODE™ and Xbloc® armouring breakwaters
{{coastal management Coastal engineering Wave-dissipating concrete blocks