Accidents And Incidents Involving Norwegian State Railways (1883–1996)

An accident is an unintended, normally unwanted event that was not directly caused by humans. The term ''accident'' implies that nobody should be blamed, but the event may have been caused by unrecognized or unaddressed risks. Most researchers who study unintentional injury avoid using the term ''accident'' and focus on factors that increase risk of severe injury and that reduce injury incidence and severity. For example, when a tree falls down during a wind storm, its fall may not have been caused by humans, but the tree's type, size, health, location, or improper maintenance may have contributed to the result. Most car wrecks are not true accidents; however English speakers started using that word in the mid-20th century as a result of media manipulation by the US automobile industry.

Types

Physical and non-physical

Physical examples of accidents include unintended motor vehicle collisions, falls, being injured by touching something sharp or hot, or bumping into something while walking.

Non-physical examples are unintentionally revealing a secret or otherwise saying something incorrectly, accidental deletion of data, or forgetting an appointment.

Accidents by activity

* Accidents during the execution of work or arising out of it are called work accidents. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), more than 337 million accidents happen on the job each year, resulting, together with occupational diseases, in more than 2.3 million deaths annually.
* In contrast, leisure-related accidents are mainly sports injuries.

Accidents by vehicle

Vehicle collisions are not usually accidents; they are mostly caused by preventable causes such as drunk driving and intentionally driving too fast. The use of the word ''accident'' to describe car wrecks was promoted by the US National Automobile Chamber of Commerce in the middle of the 20th century, as a way to make vehicle-related deaths and injuries seem like an unavoidable matter of fate, rather than a problem that could be addressed. The automobile industry accomplished this by writing customized articles as a free service for newspapers that used the industry's preferred language. Since 1994, the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has asked media and the public to not use the word ''accident'' to describe vehicle collisions.
* Aviation
* Bicycles
* Sailing ships
* Traffic collisions
* Train wrecks
* Trams

Domino effect accidents

In the process industry, a primary accident may propagate to nearby units, resulting in a chain of accidents, which is called domino effect accident.

Common causes

Poisons, vehicle collisions and falls are the most common causes of fatal injuries. According to a 2005 survey of injuries sustained at home, which used data from the National Vital Statistics System of the United States National Center for Health Statistics, falls, poisoning, and fire/burn injuries are the most common causes of death.

The United States also collects statistically valid injury data (sampled from 100 hospitals) through the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System administered by the Consumer Product Safety Commission.CPSC
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS)
. Database query available through
NEISS Injury Data
. This program was revised in 2000 to include all injuries rather than just injuries involving products. Data on emergency department visits is also collected through the National Health Interview Survey. In The U.S. the Bureau of Labor Statistics has available on their website extensive statistics on workplace accidents.

Accident models

Many models to characterize and analyze accidents have been proposed, which can be classified by type. No single model is the sole correct approach. Notable types and models include:
* Sequential models
** Domino Theory
** Loss Causation Model
* Complex linear models
** Energy Damage Model
** Time sequence models
*** Generalized Time Sequence Model
*** Accident Evolution and Barrier Function
** Epidemiological models
*** Gordon 1949
*** Onward Mappings Model based on Resident Pathogens Metaphor
* Process model
** Benner 1975
* Systemic models
** Rasmussen
** Reason Model of System Safety (embedding the Swiss cheese model)
*** Healthcare error proliferation model
*** Human reliability
** Woods, 1994
* Non-linear models
** System accident
** Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Process (STAMP)
** Functional Resonance Analysis Method
FRAM

** Assertions that all existing models are insufficientDekker 2011

Ishikawa diagrams are sometimes used to illustrate root-cause analysis and five whys discussions.

See also

General

* Accident analysis
** Root cause analysis
* Accident-proneness
* Idiot-proof
* Injury
* Injury prevention
* List of accidents and disasters by death toll
* Safety
* Safety engineering
** Fail-safe
** Poka-yoke
* Risk management

Transportation

* Air safety
** Aviation accidents and incidents
* Bicycle safety
* Car
** Automobile safety
** Traffic collision
* List of rail accidents
* Tram accident
* Sailing ship accidents

Other specific topics

* Aisles: Safety and regulatory considerations
* Explosives safety
* Nuclear and radiation accidents
* Occupational safety and health
** Safety data sheet
** Personal protective equipment
** Criticality accident
* Sports injury

References

External links

{{Authority control

Failure