''Acacia'', commonly known as the wattles or acacias, is a large
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of shrubs and trees in the subfamily
Mimosoideae
The Mimosoideae are a traditional subfamily of trees, herbs, lianas, and shrubs in the pea family (Fabaceae) that mostly grow in tropical and subtropical climates. They are typically characterized by having radially symmetric flowers, with petals ...
of the pea family
Fabaceae. Initially, it comprised a group of plant species native to Africa and Australasia. The genus name is
New Latin
New Latin (also called Neo-Latin or Modern Latin) is the revival of Literary Latin used in original, scholarly, and scientific works since about 1500. Modern scholarly and technical nomenclature, such as in zoological and botanical taxonomy ...
, borrowed from the Greek (), a term used by
Dioscorides
Pedanius Dioscorides ( grc-gre, Πεδάνιος Διοσκουρίδης, ; 40–90 AD), “the father of pharmacognosy”, was a Greek physician, pharmacologist, botanist, and author of '' De materia medica'' (, On Medical Material) —a 5-vo ...
for a preparation extracted from the leaves and fruit pods of ''
Vachellia nilotica
''Vachellia nilotica'', more commonly known as ''Acacia nilotica'', and by the vernacular names of gum arabic tree, babul, thorn mimosa, Egyptian acacia or thorny acacia, is a flowering tree in the family Fabaceae. It is native to Africa, the Mid ...
'', the original type of the genus. In his ''Pinax'' (1623),
Gaspard Bauhin
Gaspard Bauhin or Caspar Bauhin ( la, Casparus Bauhinus; 17 January 1560 – 5 December 1624), was a Swiss botanist whose ''Pinax theatri botanici'' (1623) described thousands of plants and classified them in a manner that draws comparisons to t ...
mentioned the Greek from Dioscorides as the origin of the Latin name.
In the early 2000s it had become evident that the genus as it stood was not
monophyletic
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...
and that several divergent lineages needed to be placed in separate genera. It turned out that one lineage comprising over 900 species mainly native to Australia, New Guinea, and Indonesia was not closely related to the much smaller group of African lineage that contained ''A. nilotica''—the
type species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...
. This meant that the Australasian lineage (by far the most prolific in number of species) would need to be renamed. Botanist
Leslie Pedley
Leslie Pedley (19 May 1930 – 27 November 2018)IPNILeslie Pedley/ref> was an Australian botanist who specialised in the genus ''Acacia''. He is notable for bringing into use the generic name ''Racosperma'', creating a split in the genus, which r ...
named this group ''Racosperma'', which received little acclaim in the botanical community.
Australian botanists proposed a less disruptive solution setting a different type species for ''Acacia'' (''
A. penninervis'') and allowing this largest number of species to remain in ''Acacia'', resulting in the two Pan-Tropical lineages being renamed ''
Vachellia
''Vachellia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae, commonly known as thorn trees or acacias. It belongs to the subfamily Mimosoideae. Its species were considered members of genus '' Acacia'' until 2009. ''Vachellia'' ...
'' and ''
Senegalia
''Senegalia'' (from Senegal and ''Acacia senegal'' (L.) Willd.) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It belongs to the Mimosoid clade. Until 2005, its species were considered members of ''Acacia.''
The genus was considered poly ...
'', and the two endemic American lineages renamed ''
Acaciella'' and ''
Mariosousa
''Mariosousa'' is a genus of 13 species of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It belongs to the mimosoid clade of the subfamily Caesalpinioideae. Members of this genus were formerly considered to belong to the genus ''Acacia''.
Restricte ...
''.
Although many botanists still disagreed that this was necessary, this solution was eventually officially adopted at the Melbourne International Botanical Congress in 2011.
Acacia remains a widely used common name across genera.
A number of species have been introduced to various parts of the world, and two million hectares of commercial plantations have been established. The heterogeneous group
varies considerably in habit, from mat-like
subshrubs to canopy trees in a forest.
Description
![Acacia penninervis (5368395701)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Acacia_penninervis_%285368395701%29.jpg)
Several species in the genus bear vertically oriented
phyllodes, which are green, broadened leaf petioles that function like leaf blades,
an adaptation to hot climates and droughts.
Some phyllodinous species have a colourful aril on the seed.
A few species have
cladodes rather than leaves.
Taxonomy
The genus was first validly named in 1754 by
Philip Miller
Philip Miller FRS (1691 – 18 December 1771) was an English botanist and gardener of Scottish descent. Miller was chief gardener at the Chelsea Physic Garden for nearly 50 years from 1722, and wrote the highly popular ''The Gardeners Dictio ...
. In 1913
Nathaniel Lord Britton
Nathaniel Lord Britton (January 15, 1859 – June 25, 1934) was an American botanist and taxonomist who co-founded the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx, New York.
Early life
Britton was born in New Dorp in Staten Island, New York to Jasp ...
and
Addison Brown
Addison C. Brown (February 21, 1830 – April 9, 1913) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, a botanist, and a serious amateur astronomer.
Early life, education and career
...
selected ''Mimosa scorpioides'' (≡ ''Acacia scorpioides'' () = ''
Acacia nilotica
''Vachellia nilotica'', more commonly known as ''Acacia nilotica'', and by the vernacular names of gum arabic tree, babul, thorn mimosa, Egyptian acacia or thorny acacia, is a flowering tree in the family Fabaceae. It is native to Africa, the M ...
'' () ), a species from Africa, as the
lectotype
In biology, a type is a particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralizes the ...
of the name. The genus as recognized in 1986 contained 1352 species. That year however, Pedley published a paper in which he questioned the
monophyletic
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...
nature of the genus, and proposed a split into three genera: ''Acacia''
sensu stricto (161 species), ''Senegalia'' (231 species) and ''Racosperma'' (960 species), the last name first proposed in 1829 by
Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius
Carl Friedrich Philipp (Karl Friedrich Philipp) von Martius (17 April 1794 – 13 December 1868) was a German botanist and explorer.
Life
Martius was born at Erlangen, the son of Prof Ernst Wilhelm Martius, court apothecary.
He graduated PhD ...
as the name of a section in ''Acacia'', but raised to generic rank in 1835.
In 2003, Pedley published a paper with 834 new combinations in ''Racosperma'' for species, most of which were formerly placed in ''Acacia''.
All but 10 of these species are native to
Australasia
Australasia is a region that comprises Australia, New Zealand and some neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean. The term is used in a number of different contexts, including geopolitically, physiogeographically, philologically, and ecologica ...
, where it constitutes the largest plant genus.
In 2003, Anthony Orchard and Bruce Maslin filed a proposal to conserve the name ''Acacia'' with a different
type in order to retain the Australasian group of species in the genus ''Acacia''.
Following a controversial decision to choose a new type for ''Acacia'' in 2005, the Australian component of ''Acacia s.l.'' now retains the name ''Acacia''.
At the 2011
International Botanical Congress
International Botanical Congress (IBC) is an international meeting of botanists in all scientific fields, authorized by the International Association of Botanical and Mycological Societies (IABMS) and held every six years, with the location rotati ...
held in
Melbourne
Melbourne ( ; Boonwurrung/Woiwurrung: ''Narrm'' or ''Naarm'') is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Its name generally refers to a met ...
, the decision to use the name ''Acacia'', rather than the proposed ''Racosperma'' for this genus, was upheld.
Other ''
Acacia s.l.'' taxa continue to be called ''Acacia'' by those who choose to consider the entire group as one genus.
Australian species of the genus ''
Paraserianthes
''Paraserianthes'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It belongs to the mimosoid clade of the subfamily Caesalpinioideae.
Taxonomy
''Paraserianthes'' includes only one species:
* ''Paraserianthes lophantha'' (Willd.) I.C.Nie ...
'' ''
s.l.
SL may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* SL (rapper), a rapper from London
* ''Second Life'', a multi-user 3D virtual world
* Sensei's Library, an Internet site dedicated to the game of Go
* Subdominant leittonwechselklänge
* Leica SL, a mirror ...
'' are deemed its closest relatives, particularly ''
P. lophantha''.
The nearest relatives of ''Acacia'' and ''Paraserianthes s.l.'' in turn include the Australian and
South East Asia
Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of mainland ...
n genera ''
Archidendron
''Archidendron'' is a genus of flowering plants in the pea family, Fabaceae.
Image:Archidendron lucyii foliage.jpg, ''Archidendron lucyii'' leaves
Image:Pithecellobium jiringa.JPG, ''Archidendron pauciflorum'' fruits
Image:Archidendron lucyii f ...
'', ''
Archidendropsis'', ''
Pararchidendron'' and ''
Wallaceodendron
''Wallaceodendron'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words (' ...
'', all of the tribe
Ingeae
The Mimosoideae are a traditional subfamily of trees, herbs, lianas, and shrubs in the pea family ( Fabaceae) that mostly grow in tropical and subtropical climates. They are typically characterized by having radially symmetric flowers, with peta ...
.
Etymology
The origin of "
wattle" may be an
Old Teutonic word meaning "to weave".
From around 700 CE, ' was used in
Old English
Old English (, ), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, Anglo ...
to refer to the interwoven branches and sticks which formed fences, walls and roofs. Since about 1810 it refers to the Australian legumes that provide these branches.
[
]
Species
One species of ''Acacia'' ('' sensu stricto'') is native to Madagascar
Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Africa ...
, one to Reunion island
Reunion may refer to:
* Class reunion
* Family reunion
Reunion, Réunion, Re-union, Reunions or The Reunion may also refer to:
Places
* Réunion, a French overseas department and island in the Indian Ocean
* Reunion, Commerce City, Colorado, ...
, 12 to Asia
Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...
, and the remaining species (over 900) are native to Australasia
Australasia is a region that comprises Australia, New Zealand and some neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean. The term is used in a number of different contexts, including geopolitically, physiogeographically, philologically, and ecologica ...
and the Pacific Islands.[ These species were all given combinations by Pedley when he erected the genus ''Racosperma'', hence '' Acacia pulchella'', for example, became '' Racosperma pulchellum''.
However, these were not upheld with the retypification of ''Acacia''.
]
Phylogeny
Acacias in Australia probably evolved their fire resistance about 20 million years ago when fossilised charcoal deposits show a large increase, indicating that fire was a factor even then. With no major mountain ranges or rivers to prevent their spread, the wattles began to spread all over the continent as it dried and fires became more common. They began to form dry, open forests with species of the genera ''Allocasuarina
''Allocasuarina'' is a genus of trees in the flowering plant family Casuarinaceae. They are endemic to Australia, occurring primarily in the south. Like the closely related genus '' Casuarina'', they are commonly called sheoaks or she-oaks.
...
'', ''Eucalyptus
''Eucalyptus'' () is a genus of over seven hundred species of flowering trees, shrubs or mallees in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. Along with several other genera in the tribe Eucalypteae, including '' Corymbia'', they are commonly known as e ...
'' and '' Callitris'' (cypress-pines).
The southernmost species in the genus are ''Acacia dealbata
''Acacia dealbata'', the silver wattle, blue wattle or mimosa, is a species of flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae, native to southeastern Australia in New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and the Australian Capital Territory, and widel ...
'' (silver wattle), '' Acacia longifolia'' (coast wattle or Sydney golden wattle), ''Acacia mearnsii
''Acacia mearnsii'', commonly known as black wattle, late black wattle or green wattle, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It is usually an erect tree with smooth bark, bipinnate lea ...
'' (black wattle), and '' Acacia melanoxylon'' (blackwood), reaching 43°30' S in Tasmania
)
, nickname =
, image_map = Tasmania in Australia.svg
, map_caption = Location of Tasmania in AustraliaCoordinates:
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdi ...
, Australia.
Fossil record
An ''Acacia''-like long fossil
A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...
seed pod
This page provides a glossary of plant morphology. Botanists and other biologists who study plant morphology use a number of different terms to classify and identify plant organs and parts that can be observed using no more than a handheld magnify ...
has been described from the Eocene
The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene' ...
of the Paris Basin
The Paris Basin is one of the major geological regions of France. It developed since the Triassic over remnant uplands of the Variscan orogeny (Hercynian orogeny). The sedimentary basin, no longer a single drainage basin, is a large sag in th ...
. ''Acacia''-like fossil pods under the name ''Leguminocarpon'' are known from late Oligocene deposits
A deposit account is a bank account maintained by a financial institution in which a customer can deposit and withdraw money. Deposit accounts can be savings accounts, current accounts or any of several other types of accounts explained below.
...
at different sites in Hungary
Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia a ...
. Seed pod fossils of †''Acacia parschlugiana'' and †''Acacia cyclosperma'' are known from Tertiary
Tertiary ( ) is a widely used but obsolete term for the geologic period from 66 million to 2.6 million years ago.
The period began with the demise of the non-avian dinosaurs in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, at the start ...
deposits in Switzerland
). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...
. †''Acacia colchica'' has been described from the Miocene
The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recen ...
of West Georgia
Georgia most commonly refers to:
* Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia
* Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States
Georgia may also refer to:
Places
Historical states and entities
* Related to the ...
. Pliocene
The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58[pollen
Pollen is a powdery substance produced by seed plants. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametophyt ...](_blank)
of an ''Acacia'' sp. has been described from West Georgia
Georgia most commonly refers to:
* Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia
* Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States
Georgia may also refer to:
Places
Historical states and entities
* Related to the ...
(including Abkhazia
Abkhazia, ka, აფხაზეთი, tr, , xmf, აბჟუა, abzhua, or ( or ), officially the Republic of Abkhazia, is a partially recognised state in the South Caucasus, recognised by most countries as part of Georgia, which vi ...
).
Oldest records of fossil ''Acacia'' pollen
Pollen is a powdery substance produced by seed plants. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametophyt ...
in Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
are from the late Oligocene epoch, 25 million years ago.
Distribution and habitat
They are present in all terrestrial habitats, including alpine settings, rainforests, woodlands, grasslands, coastal dunes and deserts.[ In drier woodlands or forests they are an important component of the understory. Elsewhere they may be dominant, as in the ]Brigalow Belt
The Brigalow Belt is a wide band of acacia-wooded grassland that runs between tropical rainforest of the coast and the semi-arid interior of Queensland, Australia. The
Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) divides the ...
, Myall woodlands and the eremaean
The Eremaean province is a botanical region in Western Australia, characterised by a desert climate. It is sometimes referred to as the ''dry and arid inland'' or ''interior'' region of Western Australia It is one of John Stanley Beard's phytoge ...
Mulga woodlands.[
In Australia, ''Acacia'' forest is the second most common forest type after ]eucalypt
Eucalypt is a descriptive name for woody plants with capsule fruiting bodies belonging to seven closely related genera (of the tribe Eucalypteae) found across Australasia:
''Eucalyptus'', ''Corymbia'', ''Angophora'', '' Stockwellia'', ''Allosyn ...
forest, covering or 8% of total forest area. ''Acacia'' is also the nation's largest genus of flowering plants with almost 1,000 species found.
Ecology
Acacia is a common food source and host plant for butterflies of the genus '' Jalmenus.'' The imperial hairstreak, '' Jalmenus evagoras,'' feeds on at least 25 acacia species. Many reptiles feed on the sap as well, such as the native house gecko in Australia.
Toxicity
Some species of acacia contain psychoactive alkaloids, and some contain potassium fluoroacetate
Sodium fluoroacetate is an organofluorine chemical compound with the formula FCH2CO2Na. This colourless salt has a taste similar to that of sodium chloride and is used as a rodenticide.
History and production
The effectiveness of sodium fluoroa ...
, a rodent poison.
Uses
The seed pods, flowers, and young leaves are generally edible either raw or cooked.
Aboriginal Australians
Aboriginal Australians are the various Indigenous peoples of the Australian mainland and many of its islands, such as Tasmania, Fraser Island, Hinchinbrook Island, the Tiwi Islands, and Groote Eylandt, but excluding the Torres Strait Islands ...
have traditionally harvested the seeds of some species, to be ground into flour and eaten as a paste or baked into a cake. The seeds contain as much as 25% more protein than common cereals, and they store well for long periods due to the hard seed coats. In addition to utilizing the edible seed and gum, the people employed the timber for implements, weapons, fuel and musical instruments. A number of species, most notably '' A. mangium'' (hickory wattle), '' A. mearnsii'' (black wattle) and '' A. saligna'' (coojong), are economically important and are widely planted globally for wood products, tannin
Tannins (or tannoids) are a class of astringent, polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids.
The term ''tannin'' (from Anglo-Norman ''tanner'' ...
, firewood and fodder. ''A. melanoxylon'' (blackwood) and ''A. aneura'' (mulga) supply some of the most attractive timbers in the genus. Black wattle bark supported the tanning
Tanning may refer to:
*Tanning (leather), treating animal skins to produce leather
*Sun tanning, using the sun to darken pale skin
**Indoor tanning, the use of artificial light in place of the sun
**Sunless tanning, application of a stain or dye t ...
industries of several countries, and may supply tannins for production of waterproof adhesive
Adhesive, also known as glue, cement, mucilage, or paste, is any non-metallic substance applied to one or both surfaces of two separate items that binds them together and resists their separation.
The use of adhesives offers certain advant ...
s.
Wattle bark collected in Australia in the 19th century was exported to Europe where it was used in the tanning process. One ton of wattle or mimosa
''Mimosa'' is a genus of about 590 species of herbs and shrubs, in the mimosoid clade of the legume family Fabaceae. The generic name is derived from the Greek word (''mimos''), an "actor" or "mime", and the feminine suffix -''osa'', "resemb ...
bark contained about of pure tannin.
In ancient Egypt, an ointment made from the ground leaves of an Acacia (sensu lato) was used to treat hemorrhoid
Hemorrhoids (or haemorrhoids), also known as piles, are vascular structures in the anal canal. In their normal state, they are cushions that help with stool control. They become a disease when swollen or inflamed; the unqualified term ''he ...
s.
The hardened sap
Sap is a fluid transported in xylem cells (vessel elements or tracheids) or phloem sieve tube elements of a plant. These cells transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
Sap is distinct from latex, resin, or cell sap; it is a separ ...
of various species of the acacia tree (sensu lato) are known as acacia gum
Gum arabic, also known as gum sudani, acacia gum, Arabic gum, gum acacia, acacia, Senegal gum, Indian gum, and by other names, is a natural gum originally consisting of the hardened sap of two species of the ''Acacia'' tree, '' Senegalia se ...
. Acacia gum is used as an emulsifier in food, a binder for watercolour painting, an additive to ceramic glazes
Ceramic glaze is an impervious layer or coating of a vitreous substance which has been fused to a pottery body through firing. Glaze can serve to color, decorate or waterproof an item. Glazing renders earthenware vessels suitable for holdin ...
, a binding in gum bichromate photography, a protective layer in the lithographic processes and as a binder to bind together fireworks
Fireworks are a class of Explosive, low explosive Pyrotechnics, pyrotechnic devices used for aesthetic and entertainment purposes. They are most commonly used in fireworks displays (also called a fireworks show or pyrotechnics), combining a l ...
.
"Acacia honey" is not collected from plants in the acacia family, but rather from ''Robinia pseudoacacia
''Robinia pseudoacacia'', commonly known in its native territory as black locust, is a medium-sized hardwood deciduous tree, belonging to the tribe Robinieae of the legume family Fabaceae. It is endemic to a few small areas of the United States, ...
'', known as black locust in North America. Honey collected from ''Caragana arborescens
''Caragana arborescens'', the Siberian peashrub, Siberian pea-tree, or caragana, is a species of legume native to Siberia and parts of China (Heilongjiang, Xinjiang) and neighboring Mongolia and Kazakhstan. It was taken to the United States by ...
'' is sometimes also called (yellow) acacia honey. (See also Monofloral honey
Monofloral honey is a type of honey which has a distinctive flavor or other attribute due to its being predominantly from the nectar of a single plant species. It is stored and labeled separately so as to command a premium price. While there may ...
.)
Cultivation
Some species of acacia – notably ''A. baileyana'', '' A. dealbata'' and '' A. pravissima'' – are cultivated as ornamental garden plants. The 1889 publication ''Useful Native Plants of Australia'' describes various uses for eating.
In culture
Acacia is mentioned in an ancient Egyptian proverb referred to by Amenhotep II
Amenhotep II (sometimes called ''Amenophis II'' and meaning '' Amun is Satisfied'') was the seventh pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Amenhotep inherited a vast kingdom from his father Thutmose III, and held it by means of a few milit ...
: "If you lack a gold battle-axe inlaid with bronze, a heavy club of acacia wood will do."[Erik Hornung 'The Pharaoh' in Sergio Donadoni, The Egyptians, The University of Chicago Press, 1997. p. 291]
Acacia (sensu lato) is repeatedly mentioned in the Book of Exodus
The Book of Exodus (from grc, Ἔξοδος, translit=Éxodos; he, שְׁמוֹת ''Šəmōṯ'', "Names") is the second book of the Bible. It narrates the story of the Exodus, in which the Israelites leave slavery in Biblical Egypt through ...
, perhaps referring to ''Vachellia tortilis
''Vachellia tortilis'', widely known as ''Acacia tortilis'' but now attributed to the genus '' Vachellia'', is the umbrella thorn acacia, also known as ''umbrella thorn'' and Israeli babool, a medium to large canopied tree native to most of Afr ...
'' (previously known as ''Acacia raddiana''), in regards to the construction of the Tabernacle
According to the Hebrew Bible, the tabernacle ( he, מִשְׁכַּן, mīškān, residence, dwelling place), also known as the Tent of the Congregation ( he, link=no, אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד, ’ōhel mō‘ēḏ, also Tent of Meeting, etc.), ...
.
In Exodus
Exodus or the Exodus may refer to:
Religion
* Book of Exodus, second book of the Hebrew Torah and the Christian Bible
* The Exodus, the biblical story of the migration of the ancient Israelites from Egypt into Canaan
Historical events
* Ex ...
25:10, acacia wood is mentioned as the construction material for the Ark of the Covenant.
References
* Pedley, L. (2002). "A conspectus of ''Acacia'' subgen. ''Acacia'' in Australia". ''Austrobaileya'' 6(2): 177–186.
* Pedley, L. (2003). A synopsis of ''Racosperma'' C.Mart". ''Austrobaileya'' 6(3): 445–496.
External links
WATTLE Acacias of Australia Lucid Web Player (multi-access key for identifying Australian Acacias)
{{Authority control
Fabaceae genera
Mimosoids