''Abrothallus'' is a genus of

lichenicolous fungi A lichenicolous fungus is a parasitic fungus that only lives on lichen as the host. A lichenicolous fungus is not the same as the fungus that is the component of the lichen, which is known as a lichenized fungus. They are most commonly specific ...

. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Abrothallaceae, which itself is the sole taxon in the

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...

Abrothallales.

Taxonomy

The genus was

circumscribed In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle that passes through all the vertices of the polygon. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter and its radius is called the circumradius. Not every po ...

by Italian botanist Giuseppe De Notaris in 1849. The classification of the genus in either family or order was uncertain until

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

analysis revealed the group as an independent

lineage Lineage may refer to: Science * Lineage (anthropology), a group that can demonstrate its common descent from an apical ancestor or a direct line of descent from an ancestor * Lineage (evolution), a temporal sequence of individuals, populati ...

in the class

Dothideomycetes Dothideomycetes is the largest and most diverse class of ascomycete fungi. It comprises 11 orders 90 families, 1300 genera and over 19,000 known species. Traditionally, most of its members were included in the loculoascomycetes, which is not par ...

. Both the family and the order were circumscribed in 2013 by Sergio Pérez-Ortega and

Ave Suija Ave Suija (born 16 April 1969) is an Estonian lichenologist. The lichenicolous fungus A lichenicolous fungus is a parasitic fungus that only lives on lichen as the host. A lichenicolous fungus is not the same as the fungus that is the component ...

. In 2012 Mikhail Zhurbenko proposed the genus ''Epinephroma'' to contain ''E. kamchatica''; later analysis showed it to be the

anamorph In mycology, the terms teleomorph, anamorph, and holomorph apply to portions of the life cycles of fungi in the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota: *Teleomorph: the sexual reproductive stage (morph), typically a fruiting body. *Anamorph: an ase ...

of an ''Abrothallus'' species, and now ''Epinephroma'' is placed in synonymy with ''Abrothallus''. Other synonyms are ''Abrothallomyces'', ''Phymatopsis'', and ''Pseudo-lecidea''.

Description

There are several morphological characteristics help define the genus ''Abrothallus''. These include: spherical (or nearly so) ascomata without a margin or well-defined edge that are sometimes dusted with golden or green pruina; bitunicate

asci ASCI or Asci may refer to: * Advertising Standards Council of India * Asci, the plural of ascus, in fungal anatomy * Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative * American Society for Clinical Investigation * Argus Sour Crude Index * Association of ...

(i.e., with two functional ascal wall layers) that have four to eight ascospores; brown, 2- to 4-celled, warted asymmetric ascospores;

paraphyses Paraphyses are erect sterile filament-like support structures occurring among the reproductive apparatuses of fungi, ferns, bryophytes and some thallophytes. The singular form of the word is paraphysis. In certain fungi, they are part of the fe ...

that are ramified-

anastomosed An anastomosis (, plural anastomoses) is a connection or opening between two things (especially cavities or passages) that are normally diverging or branching, such as between blood vessels, leaf veins, or streams. Such a connection may be norm ...

; and the presence of an epihymenium (the uppermost layer of the

hymenium The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in others some ...

) with granulose pigments that often dissolve in potassium hydroxide.

Species

*''

Abrothallus acetabuli ''Abrothallus'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Abrothallaceae, which itself is the sole taxon in the order Abrothallales. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by Italian botanist Giuseppe De ...

'' – parasitic on ''

Parmelia acetabulum Parmelia may refer to: * Parmelia (barque), the vessel that in 1829 transported the first settlers of the British colony of Western Australia * ''Parmelia'' (fungus), a genus of lichens with global distribution * Parmelia, Western Australia, ...

''; from Europe *'' Abrothallus boomii'' *''

Abrothallus brattii ''Abrothallus'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Abrothallaceae, which itself is the sole taxon in the order Abrothallales. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by Italian botanist Giuseppe De ...

'' *''

Abrothallus bryoriarum ''Abrothallus'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Abrothallaceae, which itself is the sole taxon in the order Abrothallales. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by Italian botanist Giuseppe De ...

'' *'' Abrothallus caerulescens'' *''

Abrothallus canariensis ''Abrothallus canariensis'' is a species of lichenicolous fungus in the family Abrothallaceae. Found in the Canary Islands, it was formally described as a new species in 2015 by Sergio Pérez-Ortega, Pieter van den Boom, and Ave Suija. The ty ...

'' *''

Abrothallus cetrariae ''Abrothallus'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Abrothallaceae, which itself is the sole taxon in the order Abrothallales. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by Italian botanist Giuseppe De ...

'' *''

Abrothallus cladoniae ''Abrothallus'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Abrothallaceae, which itself is the sole taxon in the order Abrothallales. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by Italian botanist Giuseppe De ...

'' *''

Abrothallus curreyi ''Abrothallus'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Abrothallaceae, which itself is the sole taxon in the order (biology), order Abrothallales. Taxonomy The genus was circumscription (taxonomy), circu ...

'' – New Zealand *''

Abrothallus doliiformis ''Abrothallus doliiformis'' is a species of lichenicolous fungus in the family Abrothallaceae. Found in Peru, it was formally described as a new species in 2015 by Ave Suija and Sergio Pérez-Ortega. The type specimen was collected from Machu ...

'' *''

Abrothallus eriodermae ''Abrothallus eriodermae'' is a species of lichenicolous fungus in the family Abrothallaceae. Found in Alaska, South America, Jamaica, and Réunion island, it was formally described as a new species in 2015 by Ave Suija, Javier Etayo, and Se ...

'' *'' Abrothallus ertzii'' *''

Abrothallus etayoi ''Abrothallus etayoi'' is a species of lichenicolous fungus in the family Abrothallaceae. Found in Mexico, it was formally described as a new species in 2015 by Ave Suija and Sergio Pérez-Ortega. The type specimen was collected from Angahuan ...

'' *''

Abrothallus granulatae ''Abrothallus granulatae'' is a species of lichenicolous fungus in the family Abrothallaceae. Found in South America, it was formally described as a new species in 1994 by Swedish lichenologist Mats Wedin. The type specimen was collected by t ...

'' – parasitic on ''

Pseudocyphellaria granulata ''Pseudocyphellaria'' is a genus of large, leafy lichens that are sometimes referred to as "specklebelly" lichens.Brodo, I. M., S. D. Sharnoff, and S. Sharnoff. 2001. ''Lichens of North America''. Yale University Press: New Haven. The genus ha ...

''; from Argentina *'' Abrothallus halei'' – parasitic on ''

Lobaria quercizans ''Lobaria quercizans'' or ''Ricasolia quercizans,'' commonly known as the smooth lungwort, is a macrolichen in the family Peltigeraceae. It forms large, smooth, grey (pale green when wet) growths that often have abundant red-brown apothecia. D ...

'' and '' L. pulmonaria''; from Europe and North America *''

Abrothallus heterodermiicola ''Abrothallus'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Abrothallaceae, which itself is the sole taxon in the order Abrothallales. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by Italian botanist Giuseppe De ...

'' *''

Abrothallus hypotrachynae ''Abrothallus'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Abrothallaceae, which itself is the sole taxon in the order Abrothallales. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by Italian botanist Giuseppe De ...

'' *''

Abrothallus kamchatica ''Abrothallus'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Abrothallaceae, which itself is the sole taxon in the order Abrothallales. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by Italian botanist Giuseppe De ...

'' *''

Abrothallus lobariae ''Abrothallus'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Abrothallaceae, which itself is the sole taxon in the order Abrothallales. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by Italian botanist Giuseppe De ...

'' *'' Abrothallus macrosporus'' – South America *'' Abrothallus microspermus'' *''

Abrothallus nephromatis ''Abrothallus nephromatis'' is a widely distributed species of lichenicolous fungus in the family Abrothallaceae. It was formally described as a new species in 2015 by Ave Suija and Sergio Pérez-Ortega. The type specimen was collected near ...

'' *''

Abrothallus niger ''Abrothallus'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Abrothallaceae, which itself is the sole taxon in the order Abrothallales. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by Italian botanist Giuseppe De ...

'' – Ecuador *''

Abrothallus parmeliarum ''Abrothallus parmeliarum'' is a species of lichenicolous fungus. It grows on the thallus and apothecia of ''Parmelia'' species. It was first described scientifically by Norwegian botanist Søren Christian Sommerfelt in 1826. In 2018, a proposal ...

'' *'' Abrothallus parmotrematis'' *'' Abrothallus peyritschii'' *''

Abrothallus pezizicola ''Abrothallus'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Abrothallaceae, which itself is the sole taxon in the order Abrothallales. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by Italian botanist Giuseppe De ...

'' *''

Abrothallus prodiens ''Abrothallus'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Abrothallaceae, which itself is the sole taxon in the order Abrothallales. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by Italian botanist Giuseppe De ...

'' *''

Abrothallus psoromatis ''Abrothallus'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Abrothallaceae, which itself is the sole taxon in the order Abrothallales. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by Italian botanist Giuseppe De ...

'' *''

Abrothallus puntilloi ''Abrothallus'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Abrothallaceae, which itself is the sole taxon in the order Abrothallales. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by Italian botanist Giuseppe De ...

'' *'' Abrothallus ramalinae'' – Seychelles *''

Abrothallus santessonii ''Abrothallus'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Abrothallaceae, which itself is the sole taxon in the order Abrothallales. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by Italian botanist Giuseppe De ...

'' *''

Abrothallus secedens ''Abrothallus secedens'' is a species of lichenicolous fungus in the family Abrothallaceae. Found in Africa, South America, and the United States, it was formally described as a new species in 1994 by Swedish lichenologists Mats Wedin and Rolf ...

'' – commensalistic on species of '' Pseudocyphellaria''; from Argentina and Kenya *'' Abrothallus stereocaulorum'' *''

Abrothallus stictarum ''Abrothallus'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Abrothallaceae, which itself is the sole taxon in the order Abrothallales. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by Italian botanist Giuseppe De ...

'' – Colombia *'' Abrothallus stroblii'' *''

Abrothallus subhalei ''Abrothallus'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Abrothallaceae, which itself is the sole taxon in the order Abrothallales. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by Italian botanist Giuseppe De ...

'' *''

Abrothallus suecicus ''Abrothallus'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Abrothallaceae, which itself is the sole taxon in the order Abrothallales. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by Italian botanist Giuseppe De ...

'' *'' Abrothallus teloschistis'' *'' Abrothallus tulasnei'' – parasitic on ''

Xanthoparmelia somloensis ''Xanthoparmelia'' (commonly known as green rock shields or rock-shield lichens) is a genus of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae.Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, ''Xanthoparmelia'' is ...

''; from Canada *'' Abrothallus usneae'' *''

Abrothallus welwitschii ''Abrothallus welwitschii'' is a species of lichenicolous fungus in the family Abrothallaceae. It grows on species of the foliose lichen genus '' Sticta''. The type specimen was originally collected in Portugal in 1840 by Austrian botanist Fr ...

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q4669602, from2=Q29476615, from3=Q27973071 * Dothideomycetes genera Lichenicolous fungi Taxa named by Giuseppe De Notaris Taxa described in 1845