''Abiotrophia'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillales are an order of gram-positive, low-GC, acid-tolerant, generally nonsporulating, nonrespiring, either rod-shaped (bacilli) or spherical (cocci) bacteria that share common metabolic and physiological characteristics. These bacte ...

, a family in the phylum

Bacillota The Bacillota (synonym Firmicutes) are a phylum of bacteria, most of which have gram-positive cell wall structure. The renaming of phyla such as Firmicutes in 2021 remains controversial among microbiologists, many of whom continue to use the earl ...

(

Bacteria Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among ...

Species

The genus contains 4 species of coccus shaped species, 2 are former members of the genus ''

Streptococcus ''Streptococcus'' is a genus of gram-positive ' (plural ) or spherical bacteria that belongs to the family Streptococcaceae, within the order Lactobacillales (lactic acid bacteria), in the phylum Bacillota. Cell division in streptococci occurs ...

'', which were transferred in 1995 to the newly coined genus ''Abiotrophia'': * '' A. adiacens'' ( (Bouvet ''et'' ''al''. 1989) Kawamura ''et'' ''al''. 1995;

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

feminine gender In linguistics, grammatical gender system is a specific form of noun class system, where nouns are assigned with gender categories that are often not related to their real-world qualities. In languages with grammatical gender, most or all nouns ...

adjective ''adiacens'', adjacent, indicating that this organism can grow as satellite colonies adjacent to other bacterial growth.) * '' A. defectiva'' ( (Bouvet ''et'' ''al''. 1989) Kawamura ''et'' ''al''. 1995, comb. nov. (Type species of the genus).;

adjective ''defectiva'', deficient.) Other 2 are latter additions: * '' A. balaenopterae'' ( Lawson ''et'' ''al''. 1999;

New Latin New Latin (also called Neo-Latin or Modern Latin) is the revival of Literary Latin used in original, scholarly, and scientific works since about 1500. Modern scholarly and technical nomenclature, such as in zoological and botanical taxonomy ...

genitive case In grammar, the genitive case (abbreviated ) is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus indicating an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun. A genitive can al ...

noun ''balaenopterae'', pertaining to the minke whale, ''

Balaenoptera acutorostrata ''Balaenoptera'' () is a genus of rorquals containing eight extant species. ''Balaenoptera'' comprises all but two of the extant species in its family (the humpback whale and gray whale); the genus is currently polyphyletic, with the two afore ...

'', from which the organism was isolated.) * '' A. elegans'' ( Roggenkamp ''et'' ''al''. 1999;

adjective ''elegans'', choice, nice, elegant.) ''Abiotrophia elegans'' was reclassified to ''

Granulicatella elegans ''Granulicatella'' is a genus of bacteria from the family of Carnobacteriaceae. These bacteria occurs in the upper respiratory tract, in the gastrointestinal tract The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is t ...

''. In 2000, Collins and Lawsons further differentiated ''A. adiacens'', ''A. balaenopterae'' and ''A. elegans'' from ''A. defectiva'' by placing them into the new genus ''

Granulicatella ''Granulicatella'' is a genus of bacteria from the family of Carnobacteriaceae. These bacteria occurs in the upper respiratory tract, in the gastrointestinal tract The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is t ...

''.

Etymology

The name Abiotrophia derives from:

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

prefix ''ἄ (a)''-, negative (un-); Greek noun ''βιος (bios)'', life; Greek noun ''τροφιά (trophia)'', nutrition;

noun ''Abiotrophia'', life-nutrition-deficiency.

Genome Sequence

For the Human Microbiome Project (HMP), the genome of ''Abiotrophia defectiva'' ATCC 49176 has been sequenced (assembly) as it is a resident of human oral cavity and urogenital and intestinal tracts and is a cause of infective endocarditis, showing it to have 3291 protein encoded in a 3.4774 Mbp genome with a GC content of 37.0%

Disease

Formerly classified as nutritionally variant streptococci, ''A. elegans'' had been identified as a cause of 1 to 2% of blood culture negative bacterial endocarditis.

References

External links

*https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235439/http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/bacterial_nomenclature_info.php?genus=ABIOTROPHIA *https://web.archive.org/web/20070608035407/http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/a/abiotrophia.html * https://web.archive.org/web/20070608043826/http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/bacdico/aa/abiotrophia.html Lactobacillales Bacteria genera {{lactobacilli-stub