Abhogi () is a
raga
A ''raga'' or ''raag'' (; also ''raaga'' or ''ragam''; ) is a melodic framework for improvisation in Indian classical music akin to a musical mode, melodic mode. The ''rāga'' is a unique and central feature of the classical Indian music tradit ...
in
Carnatic music
Carnatic music, known as or in the Dravidian languages, South Indian languages, is a system of music commonly associated with South India, including the modern Indian states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, an ...
and has been adapted to
Hindustani music. It is a pentatonic scale, an ''audava'' raga.
It is a derived scale (''
janya'' raga), as it does not have all the seven ''
swaras'' (musical notes). ''Ābhōgi'' has been borrowed from Carnatic music into
Hindustani music and is also quite popular in the latter.
[''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications][''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras]
Theory
![Abhogi scale](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Abhogi_scale.svg)
The Carnatic raga Abhogi is a symmetric pentatonic scale that does not contain ''panchamam'' and ''nishadam''. It is called an ''audava-audava'' raga,
as it has 5 notes in both ascending and descending scales. Its ' structure is as follows:
*
:
*
:
The notes used are ''shadjam, chathusruti rishabham, sadharana gandharam, shuddha madhyamam and chathusruthi dhaivatham''. ''Ābhōgi'' is considered a ''janya'' raga of ''
Kharaharapriya
Kharaharapriya is a rāga in Carnatic music. It is the 22nd ''melakarta'' rāga (parent scale) in the 72 ''melakarta'' rāga system. It is possible that the name of the ragam was originally ''Harapriya'' but it was changed to conform to the K ...
'', the 22nd ''
Melakarta
Mēḷakartā is a collection of fundamental musical scales ( ragas) in Carnatic music (South Indian classical music). ''Mēḷakartā'' ragas are parent ragas (hence known as ''janaka'' ragas) from which other ragas may be generated. A ''melak ...
'' raga, though it can be derived from ''
Gourimanohari'' too, by dropping both ''panchamam'' and ''nishadam''.
''Graha bhedam''
Graha bhedam
''Graha Bhedam'' in Carnatic music is the process (or result of the process) of shifting the Tonic note (''śruti'') to another note in the rāgam and arriving at a different rāgam. Its equivalent in Hindustani classical music is called a ''mur ...
is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the ''shadjam'' to another note in the rāgam. Abhogi's notes, when shifted using Graha bhedam, yields another pentatonic rāgam, ''
Valaji
Valaji or Valachi is a rāgam in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is a pentatonic scale (''audava'' or ''owdava'' rāgam, which means "of 5"). It is a ''janya'' rāgam (derived scale), as it does not have all t ...
''. For more details and illustration of this concept refer ''
Graha bhedam on Ābhōgi''.
According to P.Moutal, the raga
Kalavati is a transposition of Abhogi.
Scale similarities
* ''
Sriranjani
Sriranjani is a ragam in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is a hexatonic scale (''shadava'' rāgam, which means "of six"). It is a derived scale ('' janya'' rāgam), as it does not have all the seven '' swaras ...
'' is a rāgam which has ''kaishiki nishadam'' in both ascending and descending scales in addition to the notes in ''Ābhōgi''. Its ' structure is :
* ''
Shuddha Saveri'' is a rāgam which has the ''panchamam'' in place of the ''gandharam''. Its ' structure is :
Notable compositions
Abhogi is a raga used for compositions in a medium to fast tempo. It has been used by many composers in classical music and film music. Notable traditional compositions in Abhogi include:
* ''Nannu brova nee kinta tāmasamā'' in
Adi tala by
Thyagaraja
* ''Anugalavu Chinte'', ''Maneyolagaado'' By
Purandara Dasa
Purandara Dasa (IAST: Purandara dāsa) ( 1470 – 1565) was a Haridasa philosopher and a follower of Madhwacharya 's Dwaitha philosophy -saint from present-day Karnataka, India. He was a composer, singer and one of the chief founding-prop ...
* ''Śri Lakṣhmi varāham'' by
Muthuswami Dikshitar
Muthuswami Dikshitar (Mudduswamy Dikshitar)(, 24 March 1776 – 21 October 1835), mononymously Dikshitar, was a South Indian poet, singer and veena player, and a legendary composer of Indian classical music, who is considered one of the musical ...
* ''Sabhāpatikku veru daivam'', in
Rupaka
A tala (IAST ''tāla'') literally means a 'clap, tapping one's hand on one's arm, a musical measure'. It is the term used in Indian classical music similar to musical meter, that is any rhythmic beat or strike that measures musical time. The me ...
tala by
Gopalakrishna Bharati
Gopalakrishna Bharathi ( ta, கோபாலகிருஷ்ண பாரதி) (1810–1896) was a Tamil poet and a composer of Carnatic music. He composed the K''athakalakshepam'' ( ta, கதாகாலக்ஷேபம் ) Nandanar Chari ...
* ''Neekepudu'' in Khanḍa Tripuṭa tala by
Mysore Sadashiva Rao
Mysore Sadashiva Rao (Mysore ; ) or Sadasiva Rao was a notable Indian vocalist and composer of Carnatic music. He was a member of the court of the king of Mysore, Krishnaraja Wodeyar III.
Biography
Very little is known about Sadashiva Rao's ea ...
* ''Evvari bodhana'', a popular ''
varnam'' by
Patnam Subramania Iyer
Patnam Subramania Iyer (1845 – July 31, 1902) was a composer and singer of Carnatic music. Subramaniya Iyer followed the traditions of the great composer Tyagaraja. He has left behind almost one hundred compositions.
Subramaniya Iyer was bor ...
* ''Manasu nilpa'' by
Thyagaraja
* ''Nekkurugi unnai'' by
Papanasam Sivan
Paapanaasam Raamayya Sivan (26 September 1890 – 1 October 1973) was an Indian composer of Carnatic music and a singer. He was awarded the Madras Music Academy's Sangeetha Kalanidhi in 1971. He was also a film score composer in Kannada cinema ...
* ''Sri Mahaganapathe'' by
N S Ramachandran
N. S. Ramachandran (born 1908) was one of the leading composers of Carnatic music
Carnatic music, known as or in the Dravidian languages, South Indian languages, is a system of music commonly associated with South India, including the m ...
* ''Manujudai Putti'' by
Annamacharya
Tallapaka Annamacharya (Telugu : తాళ్ళపాక అన్నమాచార్య) ( IAST: taḷḷapāka annamācārya; 22 May 1408 – 4 April 1503), also popularly known as Annamayya, was a 15th-century Hindu saint and the ea ...
In Hindustani music
The Carnatic raga was incorporated relatively recently into
Hindustani classical music
Hindustani classical music is the classical music of northern regions of the Indian subcontinent. It may also be called North Indian classical music or, in Hindustani, ''shastriya sangeet'' (). It is played in instruments like the violin, sita ...
where it is known as Abhogi Kanada () or simply, Abhogi. The ''Kanada'' indicates its origin as a member of the
Kanada group. Abhogi Kanada is assigned to the
Kafi
Kafi ( pa, ਕਾਫ਼ੀ (Gurmukhi), (Shahmukhi), Hindi: काफ़ी, Urdu: کافی, Sindhi:ڪافي) is a classical form of Sufi music mostly in the Siraiki, Punjabi and Sindhi languages and originating from the Punjab, and Sindh ...
thaat.
The Carnatic and Hindustani Abhogis have almost identical arohanas and avarohanas. However, one major differences is that the Carnatic raga uses the Kanada
vakra (out of sequence) phrase in a straight manner.
Theory
Pa and Ni are omitted. Also Re is often omitted in ascent. Flat Ga is often approached from Ma in ascent and has a slight oscillation to show the typical
Kanada Kanada may refer to:
*Kanada (philosopher), the Hindu sage who founded the philosophy of Vaisheshika
*Kanada (family of ragas), a group of ragas in Hindustani music
*Kanada (surname)
*Kanada Station, train station in Fukuoka, Japan
*Kannada, one of ...
. In descent often the typical
Kanada Kanada may refer to:
*Kanada (philosopher), the Hindu sage who founded the philosophy of Vaisheshika
*Kanada (family of ragas), a group of ragas in Hindustani music
*Kanada (surname)
*Kanada Station, train station in Fukuoka, Japan
*Kannada, one of ...
phrase is used.
*
Arohana
Arohana, Arohanam or Aroha, in the context of Indian classical music, is the ascending scale of notes in a raga.''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, ''Glossary'' pages, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications The pitch increases as we ...
(order of ascending notes in the scale):
*
Avarohana (order of descending notes in the scale): or
*
Vadi:
*
Samavadi:
* Jeeva Swaras: and
* Pakad or Chalan:
GMDS SDRSDMD_ D_SR
GRS D_RSDM
GMMDDSDRSD_M
GMD_M
GGRR_
GRSd Rd_S
* Samay (Time): Night, approximately 9PM-12AM.
*
Thaat:
Kafi
Kafi ( pa, ਕਾਫ਼ੀ (Gurmukhi), (Shahmukhi), Hindi: काफ़ी, Urdu: کافی, Sindhi:ڪافي) is a classical form of Sufi music mostly in the Siraiki, Punjabi and Sindhi languages and originating from the Punjab, and Sindh ...
Related ragas:
Bageshree. However, Bageshree also includes flat Ni and a limited use of Pa, which gives a different flavour.
Compositions
Hindustani compositions of note in Abhogi Kanada include:
* ''Par gaya chahai sab koi'' in Ektal by
Raidas
Ravidas or Raidas, was an Indian mystic poet-saint of the bhakti movement during the 15th to 16th century CE. Venerated as a ''guru'' (teacher) in the modern regions of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Punj ...
* ''Jayati siri radhike'' in Jhaptal by Gadadhar Bhatt
* ''Ek barajori kare saiyya'' in Jhumratal
Important recordings
*
Amir Khan, Ragas Bilaskhani Todi and Abhogi,
HMV
Sunrise Records and Entertainment, trading as HMV (for His Master's Voice), is a British music and entertainment retailer, currently operating exclusively in the United Kingdom.
The first HMV-branded store was opened by the Gramophone Company ...
/
AIR LP (long-playing record), EMI-ECLP2765
Film songs
In Tamil language
See also
*
List of Film Songs based on Ragas
Notes
References
Sources
*
*
*
*
External links
*
{{Janya
Hindustani ragas
Janya ragas (kharaharapriya)
Janya ragas