Abecedar

:''Note: "Abecedar" is also the name of the primer (1st grade school book) in Romanian.''

The ''Abecedar'' was a school book first published in Athens, Greece in 1925. The book became the subject of controversy with Bulgaria and Serbia when cited by Greece as proof it had fulfilled its international obligations towards its Slavic-speaking minority, because it had been printed in the Latin alphabet rather than the Cyrillic used by the Slavic languages of the southern Balkans. The book was initially published for the Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia in the Lerin dialect,"Who are the Macedonians", Hugh Poulton, p. 88
/ref> and today it is published in Standard Macedonian, Standard Greek and Standard English.

First printing and controversy

Following the Treaty of Bucharest in 1913, the southern part of the so-called historic region of Macedonia was annexed to the Kingdom of Greece, with Bulgarians making up a debated portion of the overall population at the time, with estimates ranging from 10% to a 30% plurality. Under the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres, Greece opened schools for minority-language children, and in September 1924 Greece agreed to a protocol with Bulgaria to place its Slavic-speaking minority under the protection of the League of Nations as Bulgarians. However, the Greek parliament refused to ratify the protocol due to objections from Serbia, considering the Slavic speakers to be Serbs rather than Bulgarians, and from Greeks who considered the Slavic speakers to be Slavicized Greeks rather than ethnic Slavs.Danforth, Loring M. ''The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World'', p. 70. Princeton University Press, 1995. Vasilis Dendramis, the Greek representative in the League of the Nations, stated that the Macedonian Slav language was neither Bulgarian, nor Serbian, but an independent language.

The Greek government went ahead with the publication in May 1925 of the ''Abecedar'', described by contemporary Greek writers as a primer for "the children of Slav speakers in Greece ... printed in the Latin script and compiled in the Macedonian dialect." The book was commissioned by the Department for the Education of Foreign-Speakers in the Greek Ministry of Education. It was submitted by the Greek government to the League of Nations to support its assertion that it fulfilled obligations towards the Slavic-speaking minority.

The book's publication sparked controversy in Greek Macedonia, along with Bulgaria and Serbia. The Bulgarians and Serbs objected to the book being printed in Latin alphabet, despite the Bulgarian and Serbian languages being written predominately in the Cyrillic alphabet. The Bulgarian representative to the League of Nations criticized it as "incomprehensible."Poulton, Hugh. ''Who are the Macedonians?'', pp. 88-89. C. Hurst & Co, 2000. Although some books reached villages in Greek Macedonia, it was never used in their schools. In one village, threats by local police led to residents throwing their copies into a lake. In January 1926, the region of Florina saw extensive protests by Greek and pro-Greek Slavic speakers campaigning against the primer's publication, demanding the government change their policies on minority education.Roudometof, Victor. ''Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question'', p. 102. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002.

Professor Loring Danforth argues the ''Abecedar'' was printed in the Latin alphabet "precisely to ensure that it would be rejected by all parties concerned" so "it would not contribute to the development of ties between the Slavic-speaking people of northern Greece and either Serbia or Bulgaria." Macedonian historians argue it demonstrated a separate Macedonian language and people existed in northern Greece in 1925, and the Greek government recognized it as such. Bulgarian authors indicate that this textbook was printed in order to mislead the international organizations that the educational rights of the Bulgarians in Greece are respected – in the moment when the Council of the League of Nations treated the question about protection of the Bulgarian minority in Greece.

According to Victor Roudometof, the incident led to significant change in the Greek government's stance toward Slavic-speaking citizens. Henceforth, they were deemed to be neither Serbs nor Bulgarians, and their difference was regarded as solely linguistic, not ethnic or political.

The first scientific review of ''Abecedar'' was made in 1925 by professor Lyubomir Miletich who treated this schoolbook as an attempt to create a new, Latin, alphabet for Bulgarians in Greek Macedonia.Милетич, Любомир. Нова латинска писменост за македонските българи под Гърция. - Македонски преглед, С., 1925, г. I, кн. 5 и 6, с. 229-233. (Miletich, Lyubomir. New latin alphabet for Macedonian Bulgarians under Greece, Macedonian review, 1925, vol. 5-6, pp. 229-233)

Second and third editions

The ''Abecedar'' has been republished twice. A 1993 edition was published by the Macedonian Information Center in Perth, Western Australia. In 2006, an edition was published in Thessaloníki on the initiative of the ethnic Macedonian political party Rainbow. In conformity with its political platform Rainbow argues that the ''Abecedar'' is one of a number of "official Greek documents which long before 1945 defined 'Macedonian' as something different from 'Greek.'"

Main characteristics of the ''Abecedar''

The first edition ''Abecedar'' was based on the Bitola-Florina dialect, and the vocabulary is mainly extracted from that dialect. The main characteristic of the ''Abecedar'' is that the text uses the Latin alphabet, differing from the Macedonian alphabet which used the Cyrillic alphabet and was standardized nearly two decades later, with standardization being based on the same dialect.Makedonska gramatika by Krume Kepeski Language, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Apr–Jun, 1951), pp. 180–187

The alphabet used in the ''Abecedar'' consists of 27 individual letters. Two of the letters are unique in that they correspond to phonemes not represented in the modern Macedonian alphabet: Îî (for the schwa - Bulgarian ''ъ'') and Üü (indicating palatalization of the preceding consonant). The alphabet uses the digraphs ''gj'', ''kj'', ''nj'', ''lj'' and ''dz'' to represent the sounds , , , an cluster, and , respectively, corresponding to the Macedonian letters Ѓ, Ќ, Њ, Љ and Ѕ.

The alphabet used in the ''Abecedar'' with IPA equivalents:

The book also includes a section about grammar. All the material is supported by corresponding texts extracted and inspired by the daily life of the people for better understanding and learning. In the second edition of the book, besides the old version, the new version of the book used explanations and texts written in the Macedonian Cyrillic alphabet.

Examples from the second edition of the book

*''Našata kukja je visoka'' ("Our house is tall"; contemporary Macedonian: ''našata kuḱa e visoka'', нашата куќа е висока);
*''Gjorče et edno arno dete'' ("Gjorče is one good child"; contemporary Macedonian: ''Ǵorče e edno arno dete'', Ѓорче е едно арно дете);
*''Moite brakja set vo čusdžina '' ("My brothers are abroad"; contemporary Macedonian: ''moite braḱa se vo tuǵina'', моите браќа се во туѓина).

Gallery

File:Abecedar 1925 Dz page.jpg , Page for the digraph ''dz'' ( Ѕ in Macedonian)
File:Abecedar 1925 dzh page.jpg , Another page for in the originally published Abecedar
File:Abecedar (book) front cover.jpg , The first page of the ''Abecedar'' published in 2006 in Thessaloníki.

See also

*Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia
* Macedonian Latin alphabet
*Macedonian language
*Bulgarian dialects

Footnotes

References

*Ιάκωβος Δ. Μιχαηλίδης, "Minority Rights and Educational Problems in Greek Interwar Macedonia: The Case of the Primer Abecedar", ''Journal of Modern Greek Studies'' 14.2 (1996) 329-343

External links

Official website of the Rainbow Party
{{in lang, en


Abecedar
- 1925 edition.

1925 children's books
Alphabet books
Modern history of Greek Macedonia
Macedonian language
Books about North Macedonia