Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 24 is a protein in humans that is coded for by the ''ANKRD24'' gene. The gene is also known as ''KIAA1981'.'' The protein's function in humans is currently unknown. ANKRD24 is in the protein family that contains ankyrin-repeat domains.

Gene

Locus

The gene is located on chromosome 19 at p13.3 on the forward strand. The gene is 4041 base pairs in length and contains 29 exons. The gene is neighbored by the gene ''

SIRT6 Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6 or Sirt6) is a stress responsive protein deacetylase and mono-ADP ribosyltransferase enzyme encoded by the SIRT6 gene. In laboratory research, SIRT6 appears to function in multiple molecular pathways related to aging, including ...

'' that encodes for the

Sirtuin Sirtuins are a family of signaling proteins involved in metabolic regulation. They are ancient in animal evolution and appear to possess a highly conserved structure throughout all kingdoms of life. Chemically, sirtuins are a class of proteins t ...

-6 protein and the ''

EBI3 Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 3, also known as interleukin-27 subunit beta or IL-27B, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''EBI3'' gene. Function This gene was identified by the induction of its expression in B lymphocytes by Epst ...

'' gene that encodes for the Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 3 protein.

Expression

The expression pattern of ANKRD24 is uncharacterized. Under conditions of cell growth and proliferation, the expression levels increase. In germ line tumors,

glioma A glioma is a type of tumor that starts in the glial cells of the brain or the spine. Gliomas comprise about 30 percent of all brain tumors and central nervous system tumours, and 80 percent of all malignant brain tumours. Signs and symptoms ...

, and

prostate cancer Prostate cancer is cancer of the prostate. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancerous tumor worldwide and is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related mortality among men. The prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system that sur ...

, the expression is elevated relative to other disease states. During development, the expression level is elevated in the

blastocyst The blastocyst is a structure formed in the early embryonic development of mammals. It possesses an inner cell mass (ICM) also known as the ''embryoblast'' which subsequently forms the embryo, and an outer layer of trophoblast cells called the t ...

stage. In adults, there are elevated levels of expression in the

placenta The placenta is a temporary embryonic and later fetal organ that begins developing from the blastocyst shortly after implantation. It plays critical roles in facilitating nutrient, gas and waste exchange between the physically separate mater ...

stomach The stomach is a muscular, hollow organ in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates. The stomach has a dilated structure and functions as a vital organ in the digestive system. The stomach i ...

kidney The kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped organs found in vertebrates. They are located on the left and right in the retroperitoneal space, and in adult humans are about in length. They receive blood from the paired renal arteries; blood ...

s, and

eye Eyes are organs of the visual system. They provide living organisms with vision, the ability to receive and process visual detail, as well as enabling several photo response functions that are independent of vision. Eyes detect light and conv ...

relative to other tissues. However, the results of experimental gene expression profiles are inconsistent relative to ANKRD24 expression, suggesting redundancy of the gene and its protein product.

mRNA

Alternative expression

transcription Transcription refers to the process of converting sounds (voice, music etc.) into letters or musical notes, or producing a copy of something in another medium, including: Genetics * Transcription (biology), the copying of DNA into RNA, the fir ...

splice variant Alternative splicing, or alternative RNA splicing, or differential splicing, is an alternative splicing process during gene expression that allows a single gene to code for multiple proteins. In this process, particular exons of a gene may be in ...

s of ANKRD24

mRNA In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of Protein biosynthesis, synthesizing a protein. mRNA is ...

have been predicted.

Protein

General features

The ANKRD24 protein is 1146 amino acids in length, has a molecular weight of 124kDa, and has an

isoelectric point The isoelectric point (pI, pH(I), IEP), is the pH at which a molecule carries no net electrical charge or is electrically neutral in the statistical mean. The standard nomenclature to represent the isoelectric point is pH(I). However, pI is also u ...

of 4.98. The secondary structure is predicted to consist of all

alpha helices The alpha helix (α-helix) is a common motif in the secondary structure of proteins and is a right hand-helix conformation in which every backbone N−H group hydrogen bonds to the backbone C=O group of the amino acid located four residues ear ...

and to not contain any

beta strand The beta sheet, (β-sheet) (also β-pleated sheet) is a common motif of the regular protein secondary structure. Beta sheets consist of beta strands (β-strands) connected laterally by at least two or three backbone hydrogen bonds, forming a gen ...

s. The tertiary structure of the protein is predicted to be a helical twist.

Composition

ANKRD24 has a relatively high composition of

alanine Alanine (symbol Ala or A), or α-alanine, is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an amine group and a carboxylic acid group, both attached to the central carbon atom which also carries a methyl group side c ...

(15.0%),

glutamic acid Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E; the ionic form is known as glutamate) is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins. It is a non-essential nutrient for humans, meaning that the human body can synt ...

(13.5%), and

leucine Leucine (symbol Leu or L) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Leucine is an α-amino acid, meaning it contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH3+ form under biological conditions), an α- ca ...

(11.0%) and a relatively low composition of

cysteine Cysteine (symbol Cys or C; ) is a semiessential proteinogenic amino acid with the formula . The thiol side chain in cysteine often participates in enzymatic reactions as a nucleophile. When present as a deprotonated catalytic residue, sometime ...

(1.5%),

phenylalanine Phenylalanine (symbol Phe or F) is an essential α-amino acid with the formula . It can be viewed as a benzyl group substituted for the methyl group of alanine, or a phenyl group in place of a terminal hydrogen of alanine. This essential amino a ...

(0.7%),

tryptophan Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tryptophan contains an α-amino group, an α- carboxylic acid group, and a side chain indole, making it a polar molecule with a non-polar aromatic ...

(0.2%), and

tyrosine -Tyrosine or tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. It is a non-essential amino acid with a polar side group. The word "tyrosine" is from the Gr ...

(0.8%). The protein contains positive run clusters that could be

nuclear localization signals A nuclear localization signal ''or'' sequence (NLS) is an amino acid sequence that 'tags' a protein for import into the cell nucleus by nuclear transport. Typically, this signal consists of one or more short sequences of positively charged lysines o ...

. The protein does not have any significant negative charge clusters and no significant charge patterns.

Subcellular localization

The ANKRD24 protein is predicted to localize in the

nucleus Nucleus ( : nuclei) is a Latin word for the seed inside a fruit. It most often refers to: *Atomic nucleus, the very dense central region of an atom *Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA Nucle ...

cells Cell most often refers to: * Cell (biology), the functional basic unit of life Cell may also refer to: Locations * Monastic cell, a small room, hut, or cave in which a religious recluse lives, alternatively the small precursor of a monastery w ...

Domains

ANKRD24 is in the

protein family A protein family is a group of evolutionarily related proteins. In many cases, a protein family has a corresponding gene family, in which each gene encodes a corresponding protein with a 1:1 relationship. The term "protein family" should not be c ...

that contains ankyrin-repeat domains. Ankyrin repeats are known for mediating protein-protein interactions. The protein also contains two

coiled-coil A coiled coil is a structural motif in proteins in which 2–7 alpha helix, alpha-helices are coiled together like the strands of a rope. (Protein dimer, Dimers and Protein trimer, trimers are the most common types.) Many coiled coil-type protei ...

regions.

Post-translational modification

ANKRD24 is predicted to undergo C-mannosylation.

Interacting proteins

ANKRD24 is predicted to interact with disks large homolog 4 (

DLG4 PSD-95 (postsynaptic density protein 95) also known as SAP-90 (synapse-associated protein 90) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DLG4'' (discs large homolog 4) gene. PSD-95 is a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAG ...

), eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1-alpha 1 (

EEF1A1 Elongation factor 1-alpha 1 (eEF1a1) is a translation elongation protein, expressed across eukaryotes. In humans, it is encoded by the ''EEF1A1'' gene. This gene encodes an isoform of the alpha subunit of the elongation factor-1 complex, which ...

), unc-119 homolog A ( UNC119), replication timing regulatory factor 1 ( RIF1), protein kinase C and casein kinase substrate in neurons 1 (

PACSIN1 Protein kinase C and casein kinase substrate in neurons protein 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PACSIN1'' gene. This is nonsense. Please see the scientific literature on Syndapin I in the PubMED database of scientific literature ...

), nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit (

NFKB1 Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NFKB1'' gene. This gene encodes a 105 kD protein which can undergo cotranslational processing by the 26S proteasome to produce a 50 kD protein. The 105 kD prot ...

), cholest-5-ene-3β,7α-diol 3β-dehydrogenase ( HSD3B7), lethal giant larvae homolog 2 (L2GL2), and glucocorticoid induced 1 (GLC)CI1. No characterization of these interactions has yet to be observed.

Homology

ANKRD24 has no human

paralogs Sequence homology is the biological homology between DNA, RNA, or protein sequences, defined in terms of shared ancestry in the evolutionary history of life. Two segments of DNA can have shared ancestry because of three phenomena: either a spec ...

. Orthologous proteins are found in other organisms. The following table represents some of the orthologs found using searches in

BLAST Blast or The Blast may refer to: * Explosion, a rapid increase in volume and release of energy in an extreme manner *Detonation, an exothermic front accelerating through a medium that eventually drives a shock front Film * ''Blast'' (1997 film) ...

and BLAT. However, this list is not exhaustive for the orthologs of ANKRD24 and is only meant to display the wide diversity of species for which orthologs of ANKRD24 can be found.

References

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