A. W. Haydon
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Arthur William Haydon (April 25, 1906 – January 11, 1982; known as A. W. or Bill Haydon) was an American inventor known for his work in the field of microminiature electrical timing and governing devices for industrial and military use, some of which were to be used in early computing devices. Haydon secured and was granted 82 U.S. patents from 1931 to 1984, many of which still have wide industrial use today. In 1933, Haydon set up his own development shop under the name of Haydon Laboratory in Waterbury, Connecticut. In 1937, Haydon Manufacturing Company was incorporated. In 1945, he created the A. W. Haydon company in Waterbury, producing timing motors and related devices. Haydon sold this company, and many of his patents, in 1951 to
North American Philips Koninklijke Philips N.V. (), commonly shortened to Philips, is a Dutch multinational conglomerate corporation that was founded in Eindhoven in 1891. Since 1997, it has been mostly headquartered in Amsterdam, though the Benelux headquarters is ...
for over $1,000,000. The A.W. Haydon Company was not dissolved, but was used to handle all sales of the new Division of Phillips. Haydon continued as chief executive of the new Phillips Division. At approximately the same time, Haydon formed a new company named "Haydon Switch, Inc." to produce and distribute precision devices called the miniature snap-action switch which he had invented typified by patents granted as "Snap Action Switch" US Patent #2,700,079; US Patent #2,773,954; US Patent # 2,773,955. In October 1963, Haydon merged his companies into one entity. The Haydon Instrument Company and Haydon Industries, Incorporated were merged into Haydon Switch, Incorporated, the name of which was changed to Haydon Switch & Instrument, Inc. Over the years, the company has been sold and merged. In July 2010 AMETEK, Inc. announced that it had acquired Haydon Enterprises, a leading manufacturer of high-precision motion control products, from the Harbour Group, a private, St. Louis-based operating company, for approximately $270 million in cash and is still in operation as a division of
Ametek AMETEK, Inc. is an American multinational conglomerate and global designer and manufacturer of electronic instruments and electromechanical devices with headquarters in the United States and over 220 sites worldwide. The company was founded in 1 ...
, an American global manufacturer of electronic instruments and
electromechanics In engineering, electromechanics combines processes and procedures drawn from electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. Electromechanics focuses on the interaction of electrical and mechanical systems as a whole and how the two systems ...
devices with headquarters in the United States and over 220 manufacturing sites worldwide.


Early life

Arthur William Haydon was raised in Hinsdale, Illinois, on the family farm during the
Great Depression The Great Depression (19291939) was an economic shock that impacted most countries across the world. It was a period of economic depression that became evident after a major fall in stock prices in the United States. The economic contagio ...
years. Haydon held various jobs in high school, delivering newspapers, mowing lawns, setting pins in a bowling alley and even ringing the
carillon A carillon ( , ) is a pitched percussion instrument that is played with a keyboard and consists of at least 23 cast-bronze bells. The bells are hung in fixed suspension and tuned in chromatic order so that they can be sounded harmoniou ...
in the local church tower. In Haydon's home town, Hinsdale, Illinois, the current supplied by the local utility company made clocks operate in an erratic way – gaining 10 minutes one day, losing 15 the next. It occurred to Haydon that it might just be possible to combine the principles of simple harmonic motion normally used in clocks or watches and still have the clock operate from the power of the local utility company, but independent of the inaccurate frequency control. He found that this could be done with a coil spring attached to an
induction motor An induction motor or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding. An induction mot ...
. This was the basis of Haydon's first patent, No. 1,801,958 issued April 21, 1931, entitled “Reversible Single Phase Induction Motor”. Haydon used a conventional electric,
shaded-pole motor The shaded-pole motor is the original type of AC single-phase induction motor, dating back to at least as early as 1890. A shaded-pole motor is a small squirrel-cage motor in which the auxiliary winding is composed of a copper ring or bar sur ...
and simply removed the shading coils so it would run in either direction. To this he attached a coil spring. Haydon found that after the motor was initially started in one direction by hand, it would wind up the spring and stall; then be started by the spring in the reverse direction until the spring again stalled the motor and started it in the original direction. This action would continue, with each
oscillation Oscillation is the repetitive or periodic variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of equilibrium) or between two or more different states. Familiar examples of oscillation include a swinging pendulum ...
having a simple harmonic motion characteristic, providing a time base independent of the frequency of the alternating current supply. Unfortunately, this unit was much too large and expensive for use in household clocks. Since no motors of suitable size or characteristics were available, Haydon started to work in his home workshop to develop an extremely small
induction motor An induction motor or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding. An induction mot ...
which might prove to be suitable, both in cost and size, for home electric clocks. Haydon soon found that the problem of
miniaturization Miniaturization ( Br.Eng.: ''Miniaturisation'') is the trend to manufacture ever smaller mechanical, optical and electronic products and devices. Examples include miniaturization of mobile phones, computers and vehicle engine downsizing. In ele ...
was extremely difficult because the
torque In physics and mechanics, torque is the rotational equivalent of linear force. It is also referred to as the moment of force (also abbreviated to moment). It represents the capability of a force to produce change in the rotational motion of th ...
characteristics of an induction motor decreased rapidly as size was reduced. He also found that no engineering data were available on which to base a sound design. So Haydon studied basic motor theory for a considerable length of time at the John Crerar Library in
Chicago (''City in a Garden''); I Will , image_map = , map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago , coordinates = , coordinates_footnotes = , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name ...
where he absorbed the works of Charles Proteus Steinmetz and others. After finishing his studies, Haydon then built several models of miniaturized induction motors in his own workshop. In so doing, he quickly learned that he was not going to find the solution to the problem by using a normal squirrel-cage rotor. He failed a few times, but his failures finally led to the realization that the performance characteristics he was seeking might be obtained by using permanent magnet steel for the rotor instead of the original squirrel cage induction type rotor. He built many models and finally accomplished the desired operating characteristics. This motor design is covered by Patent No. 1,935,208 and related patents. This motor was capable of oscillating continuously when connected to a hair spring. It would also run synchronously in one direction without the hair spring. This made it usable either independent of, or dependent on, the frequency of current supplied by the local utility company.


Waterbury Clock

In 1930, Haydon Licensed his Patent No. 1,935,208 to the Waterbury Clock Company, in Waterbury, Connecticut, to manufacture his motor for use in clock movements. Haydon himself acted as design engineer to expedite clock production. Several million clocks later, Haydon tried unsuccessfully to get the Waterbury Clock Company to focus more on the motor and timer field. Haydon felt that there would be industrial and consumer demand for the conveniences his motors offered in products, for example oven and furnace controls, automatic streetlights and traffic controls. Waterbury Clock Company decided to allow Haydon to manufacture these items on his own and in 1933, Haydon left the Waterbury Clock Company to set up his company Haydon Laboratory.


Defense contracting

Haydon started to design a variety of products for wartime use such as time delay relays, repeat cycle timers, and
electromechanics In engineering, electromechanics combines processes and procedures drawn from electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. Electromechanics focuses on the interaction of electrical and mechanical systems as a whole and how the two systems ...
devices. Most of the designs were classified and even Haydon's management did not know their end use. During
World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
Haydon made an important contribution to the war effort that made it possible for the
United States Army Air Corps The United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) was the aerial warfare service component of the United States Army between 1926 and 1941. After World War I, as early aviation became an increasingly important part of modern warfare, a philosophical r ...
(now the United States Air Force) to continue its accurate targeting of strategic and tactical targets. Specifically, reference is made to the Farnsworth Research Bombing Control System that improved upon the
Norden Bombsight The Norden Mk. XV, known as the Norden M series in U.S. Army service, is a bombsight that was used by the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) and the United States Navy during World War II, and the United States Air Force in the Korean and t ...
. Farnsworth Research had assumed that almost any clock company could furnish one important component, a small gear reduction unit, with the necessary clutches and differentials. After searching the clock industry, it was discovered that their assumption was very wrong. Their program for the new electronic bombing system was in jeopardy for the lack of this specialized component. Haydon designed the gear reduction unit for this program by designing a DC motor, patent No. 2,513,410 that was used in aircraft, tanks, submarines, and a variety of portable military equipment so that all of this equipment could be operated by battery supply. This enabled Haydon to provide timers for battery operation that had previously required alternating current for synchronous motor operation. Haydon found that DC timer applications required accuracy far in excess of anything obtainable by the use of any DC motors then available, even with the best centrifugal governor attached. The only way to obtain the precision timing accuracy required for many applications was to use a crystal oscillator, frequency divider,
amplifier An amplifier, electronic amplifier or (informally) amp is an electronic device that can increase the magnitude of a signal (a time-varying voltage or current). It may increase the power significantly, or its main effect may be to boost the v ...
, and synchronous motor, the total cost of which was in the neighborhood of $1,000.00 at the time. This device was about the size of a loaf of bread and weighed approximately 15 pounds. Such units were made by other companies but only for applications requiring extreme precision. It was obvious to Haydon that there was a definite need for a much smaller, lighter and less expensive method of producing accurate speed drives for timers and control mechanisms. So, he developed what is well known in the industry as a Chronometric Governor for his DC motors covered by patent No. 2,523,298. It was less than 2 inches in diameter and ½” thick, weighed two ounces and sold as part of the motor to which it was attached for approximately $60.00. This invention gave The A.W. Haydon Company the capability of furnishing precision timers for de-icing, cabin pressurization, microwave tuning, potentiometer time drives and components for Electronic controls for guidance systems for missiles plus numerous other applications in the aircraft and electronics fields.


National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Haydon was involved as a designer and engineer for components specifically contracted for use by
NASA The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA ) is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research. NASA was established in 1958, succeeding t ...
projects. Haydon's patented push button switches, specifically the "Sealed Switch" US Patent #2,878,348 patented in the 1950s, was used in the Project Mercury space capsule, manned by Gordon Cooper and Scott Carpenter. These switches were used to fire and release the retro rockets and to release the
drogue chute A drogue parachute is a parachute designed for deployment from a rapidly-moving object. It can be used for various purposes, such as to decrease speed, to provide control and stability, or as a pilot parachute to deploy a larger parachute. V ...
. Republican-American. Haydon switches are referenced in various NASA related publications, notably page 124 of the specifications of the Project Mercury Manned
Space capsule A space capsule is an often-crewed spacecraft that uses a blunt-body reentry capsule to reenter the Earth's atmosphere without wings. Capsules are distinguished from other satellites primarily by the ability to survive reentry and return a payl ...
dated August 5, 1960. Haydon also designed and manufactured a
brushless DC electric motor A brushless DC electric motor (BLDC motor or BL motor), also known as an electronically commutated motor (ECM or EC motor) or synchronous DC motor, is a synchronous motor using a direct current (DC) electric power supply. It uses an electronic ...
which offered certain performance characteristics, specifically required in flight, and in
outer space Outer space, commonly shortened to space, is the expanse that exists beyond Earth and its atmosphere and between celestial bodies. Outer space is not completely empty—it is a near-perfect vacuum containing a low density of particles, pred ...
, such as high starting
torque In physics and mechanics, torque is the rotational equivalent of linear force. It is also referred to as the moment of force (also abbreviated to moment). It represents the capability of a force to produce change in the rotational motion of th ...
, small size, long life and thermal resistance. Reference is made on page 27 & 40 in
NASA The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA ) is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research. NASA was established in 1958, succeeding t ...
publication "Brushless DC Motors", in 1975.


Miniaturization

Haydon continued to focus on
miniaturization Miniaturization ( Br.Eng.: ''Miniaturisation'') is the trend to manufacture ever smaller mechanical, optical and electronic products and devices. Examples include miniaturization of mobile phones, computers and vehicle engine downsizing. In ele ...
of his previous patents. Haydon invented an improved timer in 1961, a micro-miniature synchronous motor the size of two aspirin tablets U.S. Patent No. 3,113,231 A miniature motor developed by Haydon, less than one inch in diameter and weighing less than two ounces, circled the world in satellites, as reported on May 17, 1964, in the '' Republican-American''.


Clocks and timing systems

During the 1950s, and 1960s, Haydon became interested in clock systems and the counter (digital). Haydon wanted to produce a novel type of counter specifically designed to overcome the difficulties encountered in a
pinion A pinion is a round gear—usually the smaller of two meshed gears—used in several applications, including drivetrain and rack and pinion systems. Applications Drivetrain Drivetrains usually feature a gear known as the pinion, which may ...
mechanism. In 1959 Haydon designed a "Transfer Counter" U.S. Patent No. 3,069,083. It incorporated an
Epicyclic gearing An epicyclic gear train (also known as a planetary gearset) consists of two gears mounted so that the center of one gear revolves around the center of the other. A carrier connects the centers of the two gears and rotates the planet and sun gea ...
mechanism for advancing the digits so the driving
torque In physics and mechanics, torque is the rotational equivalent of linear force. It is also referred to as the moment of force (also abbreviated to moment). It represents the capability of a force to produce change in the rotational motion of th ...
is extremely low and uniform. The digits transfer instantaneously and align themselves more accurately providing the capability of high speed counting beyond the range of pinion type counters. Haydon also developed improvements to timing and clock systems with various patents such as the "Open Face Clock" US Patent #2,976,674. Haydon also designed and created improvements to the popular
Alarm Clock An alarm clock (or sometimes just an alarm) is a clock that is designed to alert an individual or group of individuals at a specified time. The primary function of these clocks is to awaken people from their night's sleep or short naps; they ar ...
"Radio" with patents such as US Patent #2,999,928. As well as improvements to the Alarm Buzzer for Clocks . In 1972, Haydon designed and patented large clock systems used in schools, libraries, factories and other large properties that relied on time and clock systems. Haydon secured a patent for Clock Systems with US Patent # 3,643,420. Haydon also patented numerous improvements to clocks systems such as an apparatus used for setting clocks ahead or behind by one hour for
Daylight saving time Daylight saving time (DST), also referred to as daylight savings time or simply daylight time (United States, Canada, and Australia), and summer time (United Kingdom, European Union, and others), is the practice of advancing clocks (typicall ...
with Patent 3,897,700


Printed circuits

Haydon also invented a printed circuit motor that used a printed circuit that comprised the entire winding and
commutator In mathematics, the commutator gives an indication of the extent to which a certain binary operation fails to be commutative. There are different definitions used in group theory and ring theory. Group theory The commutator of two elements, a ...
in a single flat printed circuit disc. The motor field is a simple doughnut-shaped piece of ferrite material. This motor is covered by U.S. Patent No. RE25,305. Because of its compactness, simplicity, reliability, and apparent low cost in volume production, the North American Phillips Company took exclusive royalty-paying licenses throughout the world except in the
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and Canada. The Haydon Switch & Instrument Company retained manufacturing rights in the United States and Canada.


Stepper motors

During the 1960s and early 1970s Haydon began to focus on the market for the stepper motor and linear actuator , with US Patent #3,370,189 as well as the "Cylindrical Stepper Motor" US Patent #3,495,107 . A Stepper motor is a DC motor that moves in discrete steps. They have multiple coils that are organized in groups called "phases". By energizing each phase in sequence the motor will rotate, one step at a time. Haydon Switch and Instrument began to manufacture these devices for global demand, and continues today to focus on this market as Haydon Kerk, a division of Ametek. With computer controlled stepping one can achieve very precise positioning and/or speed control. For this reason, stepper motors are the motor of choice for many precision motion controls. Haydon continued to improve upon the function of various counting devices with wide commercial and industrial use, with patents such as the "Counting Device" in 1975 with US Patent # 3,896,298.


Switches

Over the years as Haydon continued to redesign and innovate various mechanical devices he found that the switches commonly available to operate them had flaws. Because of this Haydon would go on to redesign and invent new switches. The newly designed switches demonstrated considerable value outside of their intended use for industries of automation, computing, communications, and in aircraft and missile electronics, instrumentation and control. From 1948 to 1970 Haydon secured patents such as in 1948 the Radio Time Switch U.S Patent 2,439,732, in 1955 the Snap Action Switch U.S Patent 2,700,079, in 1956 the Snap Action Switch U.S Patent 2,773,954, in 1959 the Sealed Switch and Actuator Assembly U.S Patent 2,878,348, in 1961 the Snap Action Switch U.S Patent 2,977,436 and in 1969 the Cam-Operated Switch U.S Patent 3,427,574.


Last patent and death

His last patent, a modification of a magnetic switch commonly found in homes, was granted on December 18, 1984, almost two years after his death. It is the "Magnetic Switch" U.S. Patent No. 4,489,297 Haydon's last patent was granted after his death. Haydon died in Middlebury, Connecticut, on January 11, 1982, of an aortic dissection. His last patent, a modification of a magnetic switch commonly found in homes, was granted on December 18, 1984, almost 2 years after his death. It is the "Magnetic Switch" U.S. Patent No. 4,489,297


Legacy

Many of Haydon's patents are held in an
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at various museums such as the
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National Air and Space Museum The National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, also called the Air and Space Museum, is a museum in Washington, D.C., in the United States. Established in 1946 as the National Air Museum, it opened its main building on the Nat ...
and The Vintage Technology Association located in
Dayton, Ohio Dayton () is the sixth-largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Montgomery County. A small part of the city extends into Greene County. The 2020 U.S. census estimate put the city population at 137,644, while Greater Day ...
.


References


External links


awhaydon.com
{{DEFAULTSORT:Haydon, A. W. People from Waterbury, Connecticut 1906 births 1982 deaths 20th-century American inventors